Table 1.
Effect of time restricted eating on circulating inflammatory markers in adults with obesity.
| Reference | Subjects | Length (weeks) | Design and Interventions | Body weight (% change) | Fat mass (% change) | Visceral fat (% change) | hs-CRP (% change) | CRP (% change) | TNF-alpha (% change) | IL-6 (% change) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-h Time restricted eating | ||||||||||
| Cienfuegos 2020 (10) | n = 58, MF obese no diabetes | 8 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 4-h TRE (3-7 pm) 2. Control (no meal timing restrictions) | 1. ↓3%† 2. ∅ | 1. ↓6%† 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ |
| 6-h Time restricted eating | ||||||||||
| Cienfuegos 2020 (10) | n = 58, MF obese no diabetes | 8 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 6-h TRE (1-7 pm) 2. Control (no meal timing restrictions) | 1. ↓ 3%*† 2. ∅ | 1. ↓3%† 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ |
| Zhang 2022 (14) | n = 60, MF obese no diabetes | 8 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 6-h TRE (7 am-1 pm) 2. 6-h TRE (12–6 pm) 3. Control (no meal timing restrictions) | 1. ↓ 5%*† 2. ↓ 4%*† 3. ∅ | 1. ↓8%*† 2. ↓9%*† 3. ∅ | 1. ↓11%*† 2. ↓11%*† 3. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ |
| 8-h Time restricted eating | ||||||||||
| Kotarsky 2021 (11) | n = 23, MF obese no diabetes | 8 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 8-h TRE (12 pm-8 pm) + Resistance training 3x/week 2. Controls (no meal timing restrictions) + Resistance training 3x/week | 1. ↓4%*† 2. ∅ | 1. ↓9%*† 2. ∅ | 1. ↓13%* 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | -- | -- | -- |
| Shroder 2021 (13) | n = 20, F obese no diabetes | 12 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 8-h TRE (12 pm-8 pm) 2. Control (no meal timing restrictions) | 1. ↓4%*† 2. ↑1%* | 1. ↓6%*† 2. ∅ | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | -- | -- |
| 10-h Time restricted eating | ||||||||||
| Manoogian 2022 (12) | n = 150, MF overweight obese no diabetes | 12 | RT: Parallel-arm 1. 10-h TRE (self-selected) + Mediterranean diet 2. Control (no meal timing restrictions) + Mediterranean diet | 1. ↓1%*† 2. ∅ | -- | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | -- | -- |
CRP: C-reactive protein, hs-CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein, F: Female, IL-6: Interleukin-6, M: Male, RCT: Randomized controlled trial, TNF-alpha: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TRE: Time restricted eating (prescribed eating window shown in parentheses).
-- Not measured, ∅: No statistically significant change.
*
p < 0.05, Significantly different from baseline (within group effect).
† p < 0.05, Significantly different from the control or comparison group (between group effect).