Table 2.
Effect of alternate day fasting on circulating inflammatory markers in adults with obesity.
| Reference | Subjects | Length(weeks) | Design and Interventions | Body weight(% change) | Fat mass(% change) | Visceral fat(% change) | hs-CRP(% change) | CRP(% change) | TNF-alpha(% change) | IL-6(% change) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cho 2019 (17) | n = 112, MF Overweight obese no diabetes | 8 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) 2. ADF + Exercise 3. Exercise (endurance) 4. Control (usual diet) | 1. ↓5%*† 2. ↓5%*† 3. ↓3%* 4. ∅ | 1. ↓13%*† 2. ↓12%*† 3. ↓7%* 4. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ 4. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ 4. ∅ | -- | -- | -- |
| Castela 2020 (16) | n = 28, MF obese no diabetes | 12 | RT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) 2. CR (~1,500 kcal/d) | 1. ↓12% * 2. ↓12% * | 1. ↓13%* 2. ↓11%* | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ |
| Varady 2013 (20) | n = 32, MF overweight no diabetes | 12 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) 2. Control (usual diet) | 1. ↓6%*† 2. ∅ | 1. ↓12%*† 2. ∅ | -- | -- | 1. ↓13%† 2. ∅ | -- | -- |
| Razavi 2021 (18) | n = 80, MF obesity no diabetes | 16 | RT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) 2. CR (~1,500 kcal/d) | 1. ↓7%* 2. ↓5%* | 1. ↓15%*† 2. ↓12%* | -- | 1. ↓48%*† 2. ↓25%* | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ |
| Bowen 2018 (15) | n = 162, MF overweight obese no diabetes | 16 | RT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) + low carb high protein diet 2. CR (~1,500 kcal/d) + low carb high protein diet | 1. ↓10%* 2. ↓12%* | 1. ↓18%* 2. ↓22%* | -- | 1. ↓18%* 2. ↓13%* | -- | -- | -- |
| Trepanowski 2018 (19) | n = 100, MF overweight obese no diabetes | 24 | RCT: Parallel-arm 1. ADF Fast day (500 kcal) Feast day (ad lib) 2. CR (1,500 kcal/d) 3. Control (usual diet) | 1. ↓7%*† 2. ↓7%*† 3. ∅ | 1. ↓12%*† 2. ↓12%*† 3. ∅ | 1. ↓24%*† 2. ↓29%*† 3. ∅ | -- | -- | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ | 1. ∅ 2. ∅ 3. ∅ |
ADF: Alternate day fasting, CR: Calorie restriction, CRP: C-reactive protein, hs-CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein, F: Female, IL-6: Interleukin-6, M: Male, RCT: Randomized controlled trial, RT: Randomized trial, TNF-alpha: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
-- Not measured, ∅: No statistically significant change.
*
p < 0.05, Significantly different from baseline (within group effect).
† p < 0.05, Significantly different from the control or comparison group (between group effect).