TABLE 1.
Age-standardized incidence rates for nutritional deficiency (including subcategories) and their estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) by sex group, 1990–2019.
| Incidence | DALY | |||||
| 1990 | 2019 | EAPC | 1990 | 2019 | EAPC | |
| Global | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 2025.70 (1691.30, 2430.98) | 2207.71 (1863.04, 2604.67) | −0.05 (−0.20,0.09) | 1496.94 (1186.80,1903.48) | 680.12 (507.21, 894.89) | −2.91 (−3.05, −2.76) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 1896.61 (1563.69, 2293.12) | 2099.39 (1752.77, 2487.42) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.13) | 855.25 (654.33, 1138.19) | 218.29 (179.53, 262.77) | −5.03 (−5.28, −4.77) |
| Iodine deficiency | 129.09 (105.20, 156.72) | 108.32 (86.83,1 33.34) | −0.44 (−0.58, −0.31) | 46.85 (28.65,76.01) | 30.70 (17.32,53.13) | −1.35 (−1.45, −1.25) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 17323.23 (16526.51, 18138.92) | 6955.65 (6645.87, 7294.23) | −3.11 (−3.25, −2.98) | 31.95 (22.11, 45.30) | 16.91 (11.53, 23.47) | −2.18 (−2.38, −1.98) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | - | 458.54 (308.85, 657.39) | 383.38 (257.05, 553.46) | −0.64 (−0.67, −0.61) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | - | 104.36 (66.23, 144.64) | 30.84 (24.65, 3 8.32) | −4.35 (−4.69, −4.01) |
| High-middle SDI | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 1427.42 (1160.31, 1756.34) | 1879.06 (1540.14, 2291.77) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.91) | 511.96 (386.08, 679.39) | 275.47 (189.75, 384.60) | −2.38 (−2.50, −2.26) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 1365.91 (1091.94, 1696.29) | 1827.94 (1489.86, 2234.50) | 0.82 (0.67, 0.97) | 156.44 (134.24, 183.94) | 64.02 (46.09, 85.06) | −3.43 (−3.72, −3.14) |
| Iodine deficiency | 61.50 (49.92, 75.77) | 51.12 (40.65, 63.41) | −0.68 (−0.83, −0.54) | 18.47 (10.41, 32.05) | 13.48 (6.71, 25.34) | −1.30 (−1.46, −1.14) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 7634.98 (7130.23, 8221.88) | 2624.49 (2484.54, 2776.44) | −3.71 (−3.81, −3.62) | 9.28 (6.17, 13.25) | 3.74 (2.49, 5.43) | −3.29 (−3.38, −3.21) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 303.72 (200.79, 439.78) | 175.57 (114.85, 261.53) | −2.13 (−2.23, −2.04) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 24.06 (18.47, 30.85) | 18.65 (13.14, 25.74) | −0.79 (−1.12, −0.45) |
| High SDI | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 912.00 (749.28, 1100.80) | 1062.62 (870.67, 1295.90) | 0.19 (0.06, 0.31) | 187.65 (128.93, 263.33) | 130.80 (90.96, 180.72) | −1.28 (−1.47, −1.09) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 889.73 (729.16, 1080.56) | 1042.08 (847.01, 1278.09) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.33) | 38.75 (28.96,51.17) | 40.03 (28.18, 55.03) | −0.19 (−0.29, −0.08) |
| Iodine deficiency | 22.27 (17.68, 28.06) | 20.54 (16.37, 25.80) | −0.29 (−0.30, −0.27) | 4.62 (2.14, 8.84) | 4.14 (1.90, 7.94) | −0.38 (−0.39, −0.38) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 1338.23 (1268.38, 1413.80) | 586.69 (550.35, 625.85) | −2.69 (−2.78, −2.61) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.35) | 0.29 (0.18, 0.44) | −3.49 (−3.94, −3.04) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 124.36 (80.58, 183.61) | 72.61 (46.01, 112.29) | −1.84 (−2.11, −1.57) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 19.02 (13.11, 26.77) | 13.73 (9.24, 19.53) | −0.82 (−1.38, −0.25) |
| Low-middle SDI | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 2840.71 (2414.99, 3355.44) | 2707.55 (2289.16, 3191.73) | −0.68 (−0.84, −0.52) | 2779.35 (2058.88, 3664.31) | 946.24 (697.13, 1264.18) | −3.98 (−4.27, −3.70) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 2600.21 (2169.98, 3101.03) | 2560.79 (2142.30, 3030.93) | −0.61 (−0.79, −0.43) | 1552.95 (1055.42, 2209.13) | 222.78 (183.77, 268.24) | −7.28 (−7.84, −6.72) |
| Iodine deficiency | 240.50 (197.32, 291.39) | 146.76 (114.94, 184.41) | −1.55 (−1.86, −1.24) | 107.22 (67.51, 171.95) | 50.55 (29.32, 86.65) | −2.37 (−2.52, −2.22) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 26646.41 (25022.20, 28112.34) | 8475.93 (7893.16, 9132.39) | −3.95 (−4.13, −3.76) | 50.95 (35.19, 72.27) | 19.32 (12.93, 27.45) | −3.38 (−3.60, −3.16) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 767.72 (519.77, 1084.10) | 605.09 (408.83, 867.44) | −0.80 (−0.85, −0.75) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 300.52 (146.16, 475.33) | 48.50 (39.57, 58.95) | −6.43 (−6.88, −5.97) |
| Low SDI | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 2513.76 (2162.93, 2910.72) | 2153.30 (1866.44, 2483.55) | −0.90 (−1.06, −0.75) | 3412.28 (2774.81, 4306.92) | 1412.48 (1090.05, 1802.47) | −3.20 (−3.29, −3.10) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 2245.57 (1901.58, 2655.55) | 1948.29 (1670.53, 2280.57) | −0.91 (−1.08, −0.74) | 2212.47 (1717.40, 2942.81) | 524.59 (422.09, 652.20) | –5.13 (−5.28, −4.98) |
| Iodine deficiency | 268.19 (225.04, 320.24) | 205.01 (167.11, 248.21) | −0.83 (−0.98, −0.69) | 111.19 (67.54, 184.90) | 78.06 (45.66, 133.80) | −1.16 (−1.36, −0.97) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 37932.60 (36877.72, 38931.64) | 18004.56 (17394.92, 18637.14) | –2.58 (−2.80, −2.36) | 73.54 (50.66, 102.90) | 38.02 (26.12, 52.78) | −2.30 (−2.50, −2.11) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 800.65 (540.70, 1139.77) | 714.22 (481.51, 1030.49) | −0.43 (−0.46, −0.39) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 214.43 (145.65, 302.35) | 57.57 (46.49, 69.62) | −4.86 (−5.11, −4.60) |
| Middle SDI | ||||||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 1924.12 (1579.34, 2347.44) | 2223.00 (1846.85, 2643.85) | 0.23 (0.09, 0.37) | 925.96 (741.71, 1164.77) | 445.72 (320.11, 601.15) | −2.56 (−2.69, −2.43) |
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 1839.82 (1491.32, 2265.01) | 2153.13 (1778.80, 2566.20) | 0.26 (0.12, 0.41) | 388.87 (337.54, 455.73) | 118.65 (96.81, 142.93) | −4.15 (−4.33, −3.97) |
| Iodine deficiency | 84.30 (67.43, 104.35) | 69.86 (55.41, 87.18) | −0.61 (−0.70, −0.52) | 35.61 (21.90, 55.95) | 19.67 (10.35, 36.02) | −2.09 (−2.18, −2.00) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 12892.40 (12128.34, 13703.92) | 3679.01 (3464.06, 3921.19) | −4.16 (−4.25, −4.07) | 21.53 (14.48, 30.75) | 8.61 (5.75, 12.42) | −3.14 (−3.23, −3.05) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | — | 421.88 (282.19, 607.47) | 273.75 (182.59, 390.97) | −1.54 (−1.62, −1.47) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | – | 58.07 (47.01, 69.85) | 25.04 (19.24, 32.14) | −2.94 (−3.19, −2.69) |
DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years.