Table 4.

Logistic regression to determine statistically significant predictors.

Pain predictors		Odds ratio	95% CI	waldx2	p-value
Gender	Male	1.00	–		<0.001
	Female	2.10	1.90–2.33	205.92
Region	Eastern China	1.00	–		<0.005
	Central China	1.15	1.05–1.25	9.06
	Western China	1.28	1.16–1.41	26.21
Place of residence	Urban	1.00	–		0.001
	Rural	1.14	1.06–1.23	10.89
Smoking status	NO	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	1.26	1.14–1.38	21.53
Alcohol consumption	NO	1.00	–		0.001
	Yes	1.16	1.06–1.26	10.69
Self-assessed health status	Very good	1.00	–		<0.001
	Good	1.69	1.47–1.95	53.88
	Fair	2.30	2.67–3.37	338.93
	Not good	6.05	5.20–7.05	539.63
	Very bad	6.84	5.41–8.65	259.21
Night sleep time	<7	1.00	–		<0.001
	7~	0.74	0.68–0.80	57.76
	9~	0.69	0.60–0.79	27.88
Hearing problems	No	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	1.23	1.11–3.37	14.21
Depressive conditions	No	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	1.56	1.03–1.29	125.89
Suffering from arthritis or rheumatism	No	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	2.21	2.02–2.41	321.84
Suffering from stomach disorders	No	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	1.69	1.55–1.85	135.50
Visited a Western hospital within 1 month	No	1.00	–		0.002
	Yes	1.28	1.10–1.50	9.98
Visits to other medical institutions*	No	1.00	–		<0.001
	Yes	1.42	1.22–1.64	21.62

^*Community health service centers, township health centers, older adults institutions, private clinics.