TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants.
| All adults (n = 339) | Male (n = 142) | Female (n = 197) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.0 ± 13.1 | 51.8 ± 14.6 | 53.9 ± 12.3 |
| Height (cm) | 160.05 ± 8.37 | 166.90 ± 7.52 | 155.12 ± 5.45** |
| Weight (kg) | 67.91 ± 11.02 | 72.48 ± 10.71 | 64.61 ± 10.22** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.55 ± 3.79 | 26.12 ± 3.52 | 26.85 ± 3.92 |
| Vitamin C (umol/L) | 31.71 ± 9.26 | 31.63 ± 9.77 | 31.75 ± 9.02 |
| ω-3 Fatty acid (umol/L) | 80.03 ± 21.37 | 81.19 ± 25.29 | 79.44 ± 19.12 |
| ω-6 Fatty acid (umol/L) | 12.84 ± 3.42 | 12.52 ± 3.58 | 13.01 ± 3.34 |
| α-Carotene (ng/mL) | 19.71 ± 4.77 | 18.68 ± 5.52 | 20.23 ± 4.26* |
| β-Carotene (ng/mL) | 41.35 ± 10.89 | 44.47 ± 12.23 | 39.75 ± 9.81** |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (ng/mL) | 24.68 ± 7.93 | 24.63 ± 8.55 | 24.70 ± 7.62 |
| Zeaxanthin (ng/mL) | 29.53 ± 8.39 | 28.35 ± 8.43 | 30.14 ± 8.33 |
| α-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 1795.85 ± 334.89 | 1767.52 ± 415.97 | 1810.37 ± 284.98 |
| γ-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 1068.37 ± 257.13 | 1082.92 ± 285.36 | 1060.91 ± 241.99 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 57.38 ± 8.56 | 55.39 ± 8.84 | 58.39 ± 8.26** |
| 8-Iso-PGF2α (pg/mL) | 517.97 ± 78.41 | 523.27 ± 83.12 | 515.26 ± 76.01 |
| Current smoking (%) | 88 (25.96) | 83 (58.45) | 5 (2.54)** |
| Current alcohol user (%) | 52 (15.34) | 48 (33.80) | 4 (2.03)** |
| Low physical activity (%) | 24 (7.08) | 17 (11.97) | 7 (3.55)** |
| Medium physical activity (%) | 101 (29.79) | 47 (33.10) | 54 (27.41) |
| High physical activity (%) | 214 (63.13) | 78 (54.93) | 136 (69.04)** |
| NSAID user (%) | 117 (34.51) | 47 (33.10) | 70 (35.53) |
| Aspirin user (%) | 85 (25.07) | 40 (28.17) | 45 (22.84) |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, when compared with males based on the t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.