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. 2023 Apr 17;14:1169850. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169850

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Copyright © 2023 Liu, Yang, Zheng, Liu and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune response effect of DNA vaccination and intramuscular gene transfer of PD-1 antibody combination for MC38-OVA-bearing mice. (A) Levels of IL-2 (left), IL-4 (middle), and IL-10 (right) inflammatory mediators in the serum of mice receiving six different treatments were detected by ELISA on day 29. (B) Representative IFN-γ ELISPOT wells for splenocytes isolated from various six treatment groups. (C) Quantification of IFN-γ positive spots in the six treatment groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD4⁺ (D) and CD8⁺ (E) T-cell infiltration in MC38 tumors from mice treated with three kinds of vaccine combined pVAX-α-PD-1-Fc groups. Scale bars: 250 μm. Results are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD; n = 5 per group. One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the p-value, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. ANOVA, analysis of variance; ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot.