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. 2023 Apr 17;10:1113570. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113570

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Copyright © 2023 Münz, Wolfschmitt, Zink, Abele, Hogg, Hoffmann, Gröger, Calzia, Waller, Radermacher and Merz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Whole blood superoxide anion (O₂ ^•¯) concentration in the control (blue symbols) and Early Life Stress (ELS; red symbols) groups separated for male (“m”, solid squares) and female (“f”, open circles) swine (upper panel). Granulocyte superoxide anion (O₂ ^•¯) production at baseline and after stimulation of phagocytosis with E. coli in control (blue symbols) and Early Life Stress (ELS; red symbols) animals separated for male (solid symboles) and female (open symboles) swine (lower panel). Each symbol refers to samples from an individual animal. Note that O₂ ^•¯ release increased upon stimulation in all samples from male swine irrespective of the presence/absence of ELS, while this response was abolished in female animals with ELS.