Table 3.
Multivariate analysis of biopsychosocial factors influencing pain intensity/interference (N = 220).
| Pain intensity | Pain interference | |
|---|---|---|
| Biological sex (Reference: male) | 0.184 | 2.879 |
| Age (Reference: < 60 years) | −0.199 | −2.449 |
| Pain related disease (Reference: rheumatoid arthritis) | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.379 | 2.603 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.028 | 5.322* |
| Else (e.g., osteoporosis, herniated disc) | −0.831* | −5.784 |
| Pain duration (Reference: < 1 year) | ||
| 1–5 years | 0.172 | 1.972 |
| 5–10 years | −0.095 | −4.600 |
| 10 years over | 0.493 | −0.989 |
| # of comorbidity (Reference: 0) | ||
| 1 | −0.012 | −2.845 |
| 2 or more | −0.332 | −4.661 |
| Education (Reference: less than high school) | ||
| ≤ high school graduate | −0.167 | −1.728 |
| ≥ college graduate | −0.254 | −0.646 |
| Perceived economic status (Reference: High) | ||
| Middle | 0.300 | 3.005 |
| Low | 0.600 | 6.925 |
| Religion (Reference: no) | −0.117 | 0.610 |
| Marital status (Reference: non-married) | 0.052 | 0.125 |
| Residency type (Reference: living alone) | ||
| Living as a couple | 0.265 | 8.016* |
| Living with children | 0.612 | 4.975 |
| Else (living with parents, with friends) | −0.110 | −0.224 |
| Pain catastrophizing | 0.071*** | 0.564*** |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.081*** | 1.145*** |
| Constant | 0.781 | −1.946 |
| R2 (adjusted R2) | 0.488 (0.432) | 0.519 (0.466) |
| F | 8.79*** | 9.95*** |
*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.