Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of biopsychosocial factors influencing pain intensity/interference by gender.
| Pain Intensity | Pain Interference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |
| Age (Reference: < 60 years) | −0.226 | −0.083 | −9.627* | −0.563 |
| Pain related disease (Reference: rheumatoid arthritis) | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.439 | 0.302 | 5.605 | 0.754 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | −0.032 | 0.067 | 4.968 | 3.591 |
| Else (e.g., osteoporosis, herniated disc) | −2.374* | −0.542 | −12.087 | −5.083 |
| Pain duration (Reference: < 1 year) | ||||
| 1–5 years | −0.492 | 0.257 | 2.626 | 0.860 |
| 5–10 years | −1.086 | 0.045 | −10.878 | −3.099 |
| 10 years over | −0.175 | 0.592 | −4.094 | −1.324 |
| # of comorbidity (Reference: 0) | ||||
| 1 | −0.324 | 0.025 | 0.477 | −0.717 |
| 2 or more | −0.055 | −0.572 | 1.025 | −6.351 |
| Education (Reference: less than high school) | ||||
| ≤ high school graduate | −0.030 | −0.012 | 1.538 | −1.299 |
| ≥ college graduate | 0.017 | −0.225 | 4.110 | −1.226 |
| Perceived economic status (Reference: High) | ||||
| Middle | 0.021 | 0.319 | 8.583 | 1.848 |
| Low | 0.627 | 0.636 | 15.645 | 6.095 |
| Religion (Reference: no) | 0.110 | −0.172 | 4.006 | −1.759 |
| Marital status (Reference: non-married) | 0.219 | <−0.001 | 0.995 | 0.604 |
| Residency type (Reference: living alone) | ||||
| Living as a couple | 0.669 | 0.150 | 15.388 | 6.136 |
| Living with children | 1.016 | 0.477 | 7.875 | 4.442 |
| Else (living with parents, with friends) | 0.236 | −0.243 | −0.089 | 4.129 |
| Pain catastrophizing | 0.053* | 0.077*** | 0.754** | 0.483*** |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.107 | 0.072* | 0.508 | 1.361*** |
| Constant | 1.139 | 0.833 | −13.390 | 3.055 |
| R2 (Adjusted R2) | 0.530 (0.353) | 0.480 (0.394) | 0.623 (0.481) | 0.501 (0.418) |
| F | 2.99** | 5.59*** | 4.39*** | 6.07*** |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.