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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2021 Dec 29;56(2):1149–1161. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06819

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of SG-Corrected Pesticide Biomarker Urinary Concentrations (μg/L) Measured in Human and Dog Samplesa

Human
 Dog
Biomarker abbr. LOD
(μg/L)		 DF n GM GM
raw		 Med 95th 95th raw DF n GM GM
raw		 Med 95th 95th
raw		 rs
Organophosphates
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol TCPY 0.1 100 30 2.25 1.54 2.29 5.89 4.68 100 30 1.72 1.61 1.30 9.92 11.50 0.22
para-nitrophenol PNP 0.1 100 30 1.76 1.21 1.54 8.63 7.40 100 30 2.91 2.72 2.86 6.52 7.59 −0.14
2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine IMPY 0.1 30 30 N/A N/A 0.10 0.72 0.59 0 30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Phenoxy acid
2,4-dichorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-D 0.15 93 30 0.54 0.37 0.55 1.87 1.65 97 30 0.85 0.8 0.96 3.94 5.13 −0.23
Pyrethroids
3-ohenixybenzoic acid 3-PBA 0.1 100 30 3.39 2.32 3.47 21.22 13.49 20 30 N/A N/A 0.05 1.53 0.88 N/A
4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid 4-F-3-PBA 0.1 33 30 N/A N/A 0.10 0.98 0.87 17 30 N/A N/A 0.05 1.24 1.37 N/A
trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid trans-DCCA 0.6 60 30 2.37 1.62 3.04 22.16 13.74 73 30 2.82 2.64 1.47 368.90 278.85 0.38*
Neonicotinoids
5-hydroxy imidacloprid‡ 5-OH-IMI 0.2 38 16‡ 0.75 0.75 0.32 38.36 16.10 50 26‡ 1.84 1.70 0.65 583.87 673.20 N/A
acetamiprid ACET 0.2 3 30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
acetamiprid-N-desmethyl‡ ACET-Ndes 0.4 48 29‡ 0.83 0.35 0.76 5.63 3.49 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
clothianidin CLOTH 0.4 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
imidacloprid‡ IMI 0.3 46 24‡ 0.62 0.27 0.64 1.64 0.68 42 24‡ 0.91 0.91 0.32 126.21 147.70 N/A
thiacloprid THIAC 0.2 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
DEET
3-(diethylcarbamoyl)ben zoic acid DCBA 0.03 100 30 51.06 21.73 43.16 21972.10 13874.50 100 30 16.82 15.77 16.21 255.87 205.00 0.82**
3-(ethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid‡ ECBA 0.2 100 29‡ 20.98 8.96 20.87 8389.59 5287.80 83 30 4.67 4.38 5.28 98.33 71.60 0.87**
a*

p < 0.05

**

p < 0.0001; N/A: not applicable; LOD values are not SG-corrected. Detection frequency (DF) (%); geometric mean (GM); raw (i.e., uncorrected for specific gravity) values are also provided for comparison with NHANES data.

‡

Some samples had mass spectrometry interferences that prevented accurate quantification of some biomarkers; these samples were excluded from statistical analyses. The “n” column indicates the number of urine samples for which data was collected and which there was no mass spectrometry interference. rs = the Spearman correlation coefficient estimated from human and dog urinary biomarkers. Analytes with a DF < 50% were not analyzed and entered as N/A.