Table 4.
Estimated adjusted associations between ASD related outcomes and prenatal antidepressant use exposure
| Models | Coefficient/OR | LCL | UCL | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRS total raw ~ any antidepressant, N=1339 | ||||
| Any prenatal antidepressant use: Yes vs. No | 2.5 | −4.1 | 9.1 | 0.45 |
| Age at visit for the outcome, yrs | 0.5 | −0.2 | 1.3 | 0.17 |
| Child’s sex: Female vs. Male | −4.3 | −6.7 | −1.9 | 0.001 |
| Prenatal depression diagnosis: Yes vs. No | 2.9 | −1.9 | 7.7 | 0.24 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yrs | 0.0 | −0.2 | 0.2 | 0.98 |
| Maternal Non-Hispanic white vs. others | −3.1 | −5.9 | −0.2 | 0.03 |
| Maternal above vs. less than high school education | −9.6 | −13.5 | −5.6 | <0.001 |
| Maternal not married vs. married | 8.7 | 5.1 | 12.3 | <0.001 |
| Prenatal tobacco use: Yes vs. No | 4.1 | −0.6 | 8.7 | 0.09 |
| Prenatal alcohol use: Yes vs. No | 0.3 | −3.4 | 4.1 | 0.86 |
| Prenatal marijuana use: Yes vs. No | 1.2 | −5.9 | 8.4 | 0.74 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
| CBCL DSM-5 Autism t score for preschool children ~ any antidepressant, N=1199 | ||||
| Any prenatal antidepressant use: Yes vs. No | −0.4 | −2.4 | 1.6 | 0.69 |
| Age at visit for the outcome, yrs | 0.0 | −0.5 | 0.5 | 0.89 |
| Child’s sex: Female vs. Male | −0.9 | −1.6 | −0.2 | 0.02 |
| Prenatal depression diagnosis: Yes vs. No | 1.6 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.05 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yrs | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.90 |
| Maternal Non-Hispanic white vs. others | −0.7 | −1.5 | 0.1 | 0.11 |
| Maternal above vs. less than high school education | −1.2 | −2.3 | −0.2 | 0.02 |
| Maternal not married vs. married | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.003 |
| Prenatal tobacco use: Yes vs. No | 0.7 | −0.5 | 2.0 | 0.26 |
| Prenatal alcohol use: Yes vs. No | −1.1 | −2.2 | −0.1 | 0.04 |
| Prenatal marijuana use: Yes vs. No | 1.0 | −0.7 | 2.6 | 0.24 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.16 |
| CBCL Autism Sum t score for school age children~ any antidepressant, N=546 | ||||
| Any prenatal antidepressant use: Yes vs. No | 5.0 | −2.0 | 12.0 | 0.16 |
| Age at visit for the outcome, yrs | −0.1 | −1.5 | 1.3 | 0.89 |
| Child’s sex: Female vs. Male | −3.2 | −5.8 | −0.7 | 0.01 |
| Prenatal depression diagnosis: Yes vs. No | −1.4 | −7.1 | 4.3 | 0.64 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yrs | −0.1 | −0.3 | 0.1 | 0.42 |
| Maternal Non-Hispanic white vs. others | −0.5 | −3.6 | 2.7 | 0.76 |
| Maternal above vs. less than high school education | −0.5 | −5.6 | 4.7 | 0.86 |
| Maternal not married vs. married | 7.1 | 2.8 | 11.4 | 0.001 |
| Prenatal tobacco use: Yes vs. No | 2.1 | −2.5 | 6.8 | 0.37 |
| Prenatal alcohol use: Yes vs. No | 3.6 | −0.3 | 7.5 | 0.07 |
| Prenatal marijuana use: Yes vs. No | 12.1 | 0.1 | 24.1 | 0.05 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
| ASD diagnosis~ any antidepressant, N=2377 | ||||
| Any prenatal antidepressant use: Yes vs. No | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.97 |
| Age at visit for the outcome, yrs | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Child’s sex: Female vs. Male | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Prenatal depression diagnosis: Yes vs. No | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.26 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yrs | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.32 |
| Maternal Non-Hispanic white vs. others | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.29 |
| Maternal above vs. less than high school education | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.66 |
| Maternal not married vs. married | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.25 |
| Prenatal tobacco use: Yes vs. No | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.19 |
| Prenatal alcohol use: Yes vs. No | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Prenatal marijuana use: Yes vs. No | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.63 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.48 |
| MCHAT~ any antidepressant, N=831 | ||||
| Any prenatal antidepressant use: Yes vs. No | 1.4 | 0.3 | 5.6 | 0.64 |
| Age at visit for the outcome, yrs | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.34 |
| Child’s sex: Female vs. Male | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.01 |
| Prenatal depression diagnosis: Yes vs. No | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.67 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yrs | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.1 | 0.23 |
| Maternal Non-Hispanic white vs. others | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.88 |
| Maternal above vs. less than high school education | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | <0.00 |
| Maternal not married vs. married | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 0.01 |
| Prenatal tobacco use: Yes vs. No | 1.7 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.09 |
| Prenatal alcohol use: Yes vs. No | 1.0 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.94 |
| Prenatal marijuana use: Yes vs. No | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.32 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 0.32 |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BMI, body mass index; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; LCL, lower confidence limit; M-CHAT-R/F, Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised with Follow-up; OR, odds ratio; SRS-2, Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition; UCL, upper confidence limit