Table 2.

Characteristics and outcomes variables of interventional food pharmacy programs included in this systematic review (n = 12).

Author, year	Health condition	Study design	Sample size and population	Intervention	Duration of intervention	Main health outcome(s)	Demographics
Forbes et al. (2019)	Chronic illness or metabolic syndrome	Pre/post	9 adults	$40 voucher/week and nutrition education	6 weeks	Consumption of one or more salad or dark green vegetables per week increased 25%. Consumption of one or more orange-colored vegetables per week increased by 50%. Consumption of at least one fresh fruit per day increased 25%.	67% white; 56% female; 67% with annual income of less than $40,000
Emmert-Aronson et al. (2019)	CVD, diabetes, depression	Pre/post	49 adults	$10 voucher with exercise and nutrition lessons	16 weeks	V/F consumption increased by 1.24 servings per day (95%: 1.22 to 1.26). BMI decreased by 0.39 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.49 to −0.29). Systolic blood pressure decreased by 6.74 mm/Hg (95% CI: −6.88 to −6.60)	28.6% white, 63.3% female; average age was 59.1 years
Marcinkevage et al. (2019)	Not specifically stated - counties where “chronic disease are disproportionately high”	Post-survey only	144 Adults	$10 voucher/week	Up to 6 months	88.2% of participants reported eating more V/F than before receiving the V/F prescription. 71.5% of participants reported of managing their health condition better.	No demographic data provided
Bryce et al. (2017)	Diabetes	Pre/post	65 adults	$10 voucher/week	13 weeks	Hemoglobin A1c decreased 0.71% (absolute; 95% CI: −0.80 to −0.62). Weight difference was 0.7 pounds (p = 0.45). Systolic blood pressure had a mean difference of 0.70 mm/Hg (95% CI: −0.13 to 1.53).	6.2% white; 70.8% female; 35.4% of participants between 50–59 years; 55.4% were Medicare/Medicaid eligible
Cavanagh et al. (2017)	Hypertension, Obesity, diabetes	Pre/post	54 adults	$7 voucher/week	NI (at least 87 weeks)	BMI decreased by 0.75 kg/m2 (95% CI: −1.30 to −0.20).	29.6% white; 88% Medicare/Medicaid eligible
Trapl et al. (2018)	Hypertension	Pre/post	224 adults	Four $10 vouchers ($40) and nutrition counseling	12 weeks	Daily servings of fruit increased by 0.8 (p < 0.001). Dailey servings of vegetables increase by 0.8 (p < 0.001). Weekly days of eating fast food decreased by 0.6 (p< 0.001).	1.5% white; 71.1% female; average age was 63 years; 49.6% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program assistance
Wetherill et al. (2018)	Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia	Pre/post	80 adults	Food box with curriculum booklet	NI (7 months)	Systolic blood pressure had a difference of 0.03 mm/Hg (95% CI: −2.76 to 2.81). Daily fiber intake increased 31 grams (p < 0.001). Difference in V/F servings was 0.2 cups (95% CI: −4.11 to 4.51).	66% female; average age was 51.7 years; 55% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program assistance; 75% had an annual income of less than $15,000
Wagner et al. (2016)	Obesity/overweight	RCT	54 adults	Fruit and vegetable samples (3 servings/day) and education	10 weeks	Weekly consumption of V/F increased by 5.1 occurrences (p=0.03).	92%white; 65%female; average age was 44.7; 33% had an annual income of less than $50,000
Berkowitz et al. (2019)	Diabetes	RCT	44 adults	10 medically tailored meals/week	12 weeks	Healthy Eating Index scores were better by 31 points (out of a 100-point scale; p < 0.0001). Hypoglycemia in prior 3 months decreased 17 percentage points (p=0.03). Hemoglobin A1c levels decreased 0.16 percentage points (95% CI: −0.28 to −0.04). BMI decreased 0.55 kg/m2 (95% CI: −1.00 to −0.10). Systolic blood pressure decreased by 2.96 mm/Hg (95% CI: −4.16 to −1.76).	54% white; 68.5% female; average age was 58.4 years; 33.2% were Medicare/Medicaid eligible; 65% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program assistance; 80% were food insecure
Racine et al. (2012)	Obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia	RCT	298 adults	7 frozen meals/week that adhered to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension guidelines and nutrition counseling	52 weeks	BMI increased by 0.70 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.82).	62.1% white; 83.9% female; average age was 72.4 years; 9.1% were Medicare/Medicaid eligible; 71.5% were ≤165% of poverty level
Freedman et al. (2013)	Diabetes	Pre/post	41 adults	$50 ($25 after each of 2 surveys)	6 months	V/F servings increased by 1.57 servings per day (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.83).	7.3% white; 82.9% female; average age was 63.3 years; 53.7% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program assistance; 90%had an annual income below $30,000
Seligman et al. (2015)	Diabetes	Pre/post	768 adults	Diabetes appropriate food box	26 weeks	Hemoglobin A1c values declined 0.15 percentage points (95% CI: −0.18 to −0.12). Daily servings of V/F increased by 0.3 (95% CI: 0.28 to 0.32).	25% white; 74% female; average age was 56.5 years; 83% were food insecure
Ridberg et al. (2019a)	Obesity/overweight	Pre/post	883 children	$0.50–$1.00/per household member per day and education	4–6 months	Daily servings of V/F increased by 0.13 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.21)	6% white; 54% female; 69% on WIC
Ridberg et al. (2019b)	Obesity/overweight	Pre/post	578 children	$0.50–$1.00/per household member per day and education	4–6 months	Food insecurity scores decreased by 0.09 points (p < 0.001).	16.4% white; 52.4% female; 93.6% on Medicare/Medicaid
Saxe-Custack et al. (2019)	Obesity/overweight	Pre/post	108 children	$15/clinic visit	6 months	Daily servings of V/F increased by 0.19 (p=0.548).	37.2% white; 55.4% female; average age of 12.9 years
Burrington et al. (2020)	Obesity/overweight	Pre/post	10 children	$15–$25/week, depending on family size	5 months	Daily servings of V/F increased by 0.8.
Kerr et al. (2020)	Diabetes	Pre/post	159 adults	21 weekly servings of V/F	10 weeks	Hemoglobin A1c values declined 0.1 percentage points (p > 0.05); Systolic blood pressure decreased by 2.4 points (95% CI: 4.56 to 0.28).	20% white; 52.3% female; average age of 52.5 years

V/F, vegetables and fruit; BMI, body mass index; NI, not indicated.