Table 3.
Summary of Primary and Secondary Outcomes
| Outcome | Early Insulin Glargine, n = 58 | Late Insulin Glargine, n = 132 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time on IV insulin infusion, median [IQR], hr | 17.0 [14.–22.8] | 22.9 [4.3–29.3] | 0.0006 |
| Time to resolution of DKA, median [IQR], hr | 13.0 [9.8–16.8] | 18.2 [12.5–27.6] | 0.005 |
| Length of hospital stay, median [IQR], days | 3 [2–5] | 3 [2–5] | 0.56 |
| Length of PICU, median [IQR], days | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 0.15 |
| Total units of IV insulin infused, mean ± SD, unit/kg | 1.74 ± 0.64 | 2.32 ± 1.34 | 0.002 |
| Average rate of blood glucose decline, mean ± SD, mg/dL/hr | 60.7 ± 21.9 | 49.9 ± 21.4 | 0.002 |
| Incidence of hypoglycemia | |||
| Incidence of BG < 60, n (%), mg/dL | 3 (5.2) | 11 (8.3) | 0.655 |
| Mean lowest BG while on IV insulin infusion, mean ± SD, mg/dL | 104.0 ± 39.9 | 105.2 ± 35.8 | 0.834 |
| IV dextrose administered, n, yes | 0 | 1 | 1.000 |
| Titrate IV insulin infusion rate, n (%) | |||
| Increase | 4 (6.9) | 11 (8.3) | 0.74 |
| Decrease | 22 (37.9) | 53 (30.2) | 0.77 |
| No change | 32 (55.2) | 68 (51.5) | 0.64 |
| Incidence of hypokalemia | |||
| Incidence of K < 3.5 mEq/L on IV insulin infusion, n (%) | 37 (63.8) | 86 (65.2) | 0.857 |
| Lowest K+ on IV insulin infusion, median [IQR], mEq/L | 3.3 [2.9–3.7] | 3.2 [2.9–3.7] | 0.10 |
| KCl administered, n (%), yes | 4 (6.9) | 17 (12.9) | 0.226 |
| KPhos administered, n (%), yes | 4 (6.9) | 21 (15.9) | 0.091 |
| Maximum K+ concentration in IV fluids, mean ± SD, mEq/L | 32.1 ± 9.9 | 31.4 ± 0.1 | 0.688 |
| Incidence of increasing K+ concentration in fluids, n (%) | 3 (5.2) | 16 (12.1) | 0.141 |
BG, blood glucose; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; IV, intravenous; K+, serum potassium; KCl, potassium chloride; KPhos, potassium phosphate; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit