Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation positions of the three groups. A and B: group 1: simple LAD (proximal and distal LAD ligation). C and D: group 2: LAD and lateral (proximal and distal LAD, distal first diagonal, and proximal first obtuse marginal). E and F: group 3: total LAD devascularization (proximal and distal LAD, proximal aspects of visible diagonals, and proximal aspects of epicardial right ventricular branches of the LAD). Top: cartoon images show ligation positions marked as “blue” for three groups. Bottom: representative images show ligation positions marked as “red-colored X” for three groups. LA, left atrium; RV, right ventricle; LV, left ventricle; OM1, first obtuse marginal artery off of the circumflex artery; D1–D3, epicardial diagonal branches 1, 2, and 3, off of the LAD toward the LV.