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. 2023 Feb 3;146(5):1979–1992. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad031

Figure 1.

Figure 1

PPMS CSF induces motor deficits and spinal cord pathology. (A–C) Motor deficit scores at 1 (A), 3 (B) and 7 (C) days post intrathecal delivery of saline, CSF from healthy controls (HC; n = 3), or patients with PPMS (n = 10), RRMS (n = 8) or SPMS (n = 8). Each individual CSF sample listed in Table 1 was injected into a minimum of three mice. For 1 DPI: saline (n = 20 mice), HC (n = 9 mice), PPMS (n = 33 mice), RRMS (n = 24 mice), SPMS (n = 24 mice). For 3 DPI: saline (n = 11 mice), HC (n = 6 mice), PPMS (n = 21 mice), RRMS (n = 12 mice), SPMS (n = 15 mice). For 7 DPI: saline (n = 8 mice), HC (n = 3 mice), PPMS (n = 9 mice), RRMS (n = 6 mice), SPMS (n = 9 mice). PPMS CSF-injected mice exhibit significantly higher motor deficit scores than all other treatment groups. (D) Representative images of cervical spinal cords from different mice stained with LFB, GFAP, Iba1, SMI-32, or GLT-1 at 1 DPI. Arrows indicate demyelination in the dorsal white matter of PPMS CSF-injected mice. Scale bars = 100 µm. (E–H) Quantification of mean fluorescence intensities in the cervical spinal cord dorsal column white matter for GFAP immunostaining of astrocytes (E), Iba1 immunostaining of microglia (F), SMI-32 immunostaining of non-phosphorylated neurofilament H (G) and GLT-1 immunostaining of glutamate transporter-1 (H). Data plotted as mean ± SEM. Each point represents an individual mouse. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test (A–C and E–H). ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.