Table 1.

Protective effects of APG on liver injuries.

Factors		Mechanisms	References
Chemical pollutant	DEHP	Activate GPX4 and suppress intracellular iron accumulation	[31]
	NiONPs	Alleviate the NiONP-induced deleterious effects on all the studied parameters in rats.	[33]
	CCl4	Antioxidant properties, scavenge ROS	[36]
Drug	APAP	Increase the hepatic GR activity and reduce GSH content, and decrease the hepatic malondialdehyde content	[39]
		Regulate the sirtuin 1-p53 axis, promote autophagy and ameliorate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress	[40,41]
	MTX	Restore the antioxidant defenses system and downregulation in caspase-3, CRP, G-CSF and iNOS expressions	[44]
	CP	Upregulate hepatic Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, and upregulate Nrf2, NQO-1, and HO-1	[46]
	Sorafenib	Enhance anti-oxidant properties and inhibite ROS production	[47]
Alcohol		Decrease the alanine aminotransferase activity, serum dyslipidemia such as LDL cholesterol and TC levels in serum, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, and enhancing SOD and GSH-Px activities	[50]
		Regulate hepatic CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress and PPARa-mediated lipogenic gene expression	[51]
Other factors	LPS	Increase the SOD and CAT levels and PPARγ protein expression	[54]
	Hepatic I/R	Decrease Fas receptor levels and inhibite apoptosis	[57]

Acetaminophen (APAP); Chloramphenical acetyltransferase (CAT); Cyclophosphamide (CP); C-reactive protein (CRP); Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF); Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4); Glutathione reductase (GR); Glutathione (GSH); Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); Human recombinant-1 (HO-1); Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); Low density lipids (LDL); Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Methotrexate (MTX); Nanoparticles (NiONPs); NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1); Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2); Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARa); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Total cholesterol (TC).