Table 2.

Electrochemical performance of DIBs with different modification strategies

Towards	Strategy	DIBs configuration	Specific density	Cycling performance (cycles/capacity retention)	Rate capability	References
Anode	Compositing carbon	MoS1.5Te0.5@C||EG	218.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1	1500/97%	101 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1	[61]
		BP-C||graphite	82 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1	100/ca. 80.6%	–	[62]
	Porous structure	pK2TP||EG	68 mAh g−1 at 2C	2000/ca. 100%	45 mAh g−1 at 20C	[66]
		CuPcNA-CMP||graphite	245.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1	500/ca. 89%	125.1 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1	[67]
	Nanostructural crystalline	nAl@C||graphite	68 mAh g−1 at 2C	1000/94.6%	87 mAh g−1 at 20C	[70]
Cathode	Interlayer engineering	MoS2||graphite	90 mAh g−1	50/ca. 75%	–	[81]
	Artificial SEI	BiF3||NMO	ca. 100 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1	40/ca. 50%	50 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1	[85]
		Li||SMG	84.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1	2000/98%	85 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1	[86]
	Nanostructured materials	Li||CuO	208.8 mAh g−1 at 0.125 A g−1	100/79%	175 mAh g−1 at 0.25 A g−1	[87]
	Coating inorganic materials	Li||graphite	85 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1	2700/80%	80 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1	[90]
Electrolyte	Quasi-solid-state electrolytes	Al||graphite	103 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1	2000/92%	82 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1	[98]
		Na||graphite	86.3 mAh g−1 at 0.01 A g−1	100/86.6%	84.3 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1	[99]
	High-concentration electrolytes	Fc||C	30 mAh g−1 at 0.03 A g−1	100/80%	–	[103]
		Al||graphite	89.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1	1000/94.7%	68.1 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1	[104]
	High-voltage electrolytes	Li||graphite	113.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1	100/ca. 80.6%	103.6 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1	[109]
	Electrolyte additives	Graphite||graphite	101.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1	3000/96.8%	98.2 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1	[111]