FIGURE 6.

NGF-deprived astrocytes are neurotoxic: neuron–astrocyte co-culture experiments. (A) Timeline of the experiment: neurons or neuron–astrocyte co-cultures were treated for 48 h with either vehicle, NGF, antiV5, αD11, αD11 plus the anti-amyloid antibody A13, or αD11 plus kynurenic acid. (B) Representative images of neuron–astrocyte co-cultures in the presence of the NGF-neutralizing antibody αD11. (C) Quantification of the percentage of healthy neurons in the different experimental conditions (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, and p < 0.001***). (D) Timeline of the calcium imaging experiments in neurons. First, neuron–astrocyte co-cultures were acquired in baseline condition (t0). Then, vehicle (saline) was added (t1). Later, the same co-culture was treated with αD11 (t2) (or with negative control antiV5 in parallel) and then with TTX (t3). (E) Quantification of the firing frequency in response to the different treatments (One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test; baseline vs. αd11: p < 0.001).