Figure 4.

Effects of butyrate on the CD4⁺ T cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis of axSpA patient-derived PBMCs. (A) PBMCs (1 x 10^{^6} cells) were obtained from axSpA patients (N = 4). These were cultured with butyrate (0.5 or 1 mM), with anti-CD3 Ab (0.5 μg/mL) for 72 h. CD4⁺ IL-17A⁺ T cell and CD4⁺ CD25^high Foxp3⁺ T cell differentiation was measured by flow cytometry (presented with representative flow cytometry image). (B) PBMCs (1 x 10⁶ cells) from axSpA patients were cultured with M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and RANKL (100 ng/mL) with vehicle or butyrate 0.5 mM for 10–14 days. The TRAP⁺ multinucleated cells were counted. ^*** P < 0.001, ^**** P < 0.0001.