Summary table of subcellular sampling technologies.

Technique	Tip diameter	Cell types sampled	Biomolecules sampled	Analysis methods	No. of times same cell sampled	Throughput	Spatial precision	Cost	Cell viability	Ref.
Micro/nanopipette	50 nm–5 μm	Neurons, drosophila larvae, onion cells, MCF-7, brain tissue	mRNA, metabolites, mitochondria	RT-qPCR, mtDNA sequencing, MALDI-MS	1–2	Low	High	Low	Moderate	19, 20 and 25–35
Nanostraw	20–700 nm	hMSCs, cardiomyocytes	DNA, mRNA, proteins, metabolites	RT-qPCR, RNA-seq, ELISA, DNA sequencing	Up to 4	High	Low	Moderate	Low	36–48
Fluid FM	200 nm–1.1 μm pyramidal probe or 1.2 μm cylindrical probe	U2OS, HeLa, HeKa, ASPCs, IBA cells, macrophage-like cells, fungal cells	mRNA, proteins, metabolites, mitochondria	RT-qPCR, RNA-seq, enzymatic analysis, MALDI-MS	1–2	Moderate	High	High	Moderate to high	18 and 63–67
DENT	300 nm	HeLa, fibroblasts, SK-BR-3, U937	mRNA	RT-qPCR	1	Low	High	Moderate	N/A	16 and 62
Nanotweezers	40–60 nm	U2OS, HPAECs, neurons, MCF-7	DNA, mRNA, mitochondria	RT-qPCR, DNA sequencing	Up to 18	Low	Very high	Low	High	21 and 102