Table 2.
Health status of the study population (n = 98) according to the nutritional status
| Nutritional status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | M/RM | WN | P-valued | ||
| Variable | Category | 100.0% (98) | 22.4% (22) | 77.6% (76) | |
| Diagnosed conditions | |||||
| Comorbidity a | None | 20.0 (19) | 14.3 (3) | 21.6 (16) | 0.043 |
| 1 condition | 11.6 (11) | - | 14.9 (11) | ||
| 2 conditions | 14.3 (14) | 28.6 (6) c | 10.8 (8) | ||
| 3 or more conditions | 53.7 (51) | 57.1 (12) | 52.7 (39) | ||
| Chronic diseases a | Hypertension | 51.6 (49) | 42.9 (9) | 54.1 (40) | 0.365 |
| Cardiovascular | 32.6 (31) | 47.6 (10) | 28.4 (21) | 0.097 | |
| Vascular | 32.6 (31) | 33.3 (7) | 32.4 (24) | 0.938 | |
| Arthrosis | 32.6 (31) | 28.6 (6) | 33.8 (25) | 0.653 | |
| Poliomyelitis | 25.3 (24) | 28.6 (6) | 24.3 (18) | 0.693 | |
| Osteoporosis | 17.9 (17) | 14.3 (3) | 18.9 (14) | 0.625 | |
| Diabetes | 17.9 (17) | 23.8 (5) | 16.2 (12) | 0.423 | |
| Depression | 14.7 (14) | 9.5 (2) | 16.2 (12) | 0.445 | |
| Lung | 12.6 (12) | 19.0 (4) | 10.8 (8) | 0.316 | |
| Ménière´s syndrome | 8.4 (8) | 14.3 (3) | 6.8 (5) | 0.273 | |
| Arthritis | 7.4 (7) | 19.0 (4) c | 4.1 (3) | 0.020 | |
| Cancer | 6.3 (6) | 14.3 (3) | 4.1 (3) | 0.089 | |
| Other osteoarticular | 5.3 (5) | 9.5 (2) | 4.1 (3) | 0.322 | |
| Parkinson´s disease | 2.1 (2) | - | 2.7 (2) | 0.446 | |
| Epilepsy | 1.1 (1) | - | 4.8 (1) | 0.059 | |
| Other disorders a | Nocturia | 65.2 (58) | 75.0 (15) | 62.3 (43) | 0.295 |
| Balance | 58.4 (52) | 80.0 (16) c | 52.2 (36) | 0.026 | |
| Dizziness | 52.8 (47) | 65.0 (13) | 49.3 (34) | 0.215 | |
| Vision | 43.8 (39) | 50.0 (10) | 42.0 (29) | 0.527 | |
| Feet | 38.2 (34) | 50.0 (10) | 34.8 (24) | 0.217 | |
| Audition | 38.2 (34) | 30.0 (6) | 40.6 (28) | 0.391 | |
| Urinary incontinence | 23.9 (21) | 35.0 (7) | 20.6 (14) | 0.184 | |
| Medication | |||||
| Polypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs) a | Dk/Da | 30.6 (30) | 45.5 (10) | 26.3 (20) | 0.228 |
| No | 53.1 (52) | 40.9 (9) | 56.6 (43) | ||
| Yes | 16.3 (16) | 13.6.0 (3) | 17.1 (13) | ||
| Drugs a | Dk/Da | 31.6 (31) | 45.5 (10) | 27.6 (21) | 0.333 |
| Psychotropic/ anxiolytic | 3.1 (3) | 4.5 (1) | 2.6 (2) | ||
| Mixture e | 3.1 (3) | 4.5 (1) | 2.6 (2) | ||
| Other drugs | 62.2 (61) | 45.5 (10) | 67.1 (51) | ||
| Body composition/metabolism | |||||
| BMI a | < 25 | 22.7 (22) | 36.4 (8) | 18.7 (14) | 0.081 |
| > 25 | 77.3 (75) | 63.6 (14) | 81.3 (61) | ||
| Waist perimeter (cm) b | - | 99.98 ± 10.59 | 97.08 ± 13.04 | 100.83 ± 9.70 | 0.145 |
| Thigh perimeter (cm) b | - | 105.74 ± 10.04 | 106.55 ± 12.61 | 105.50 ± 9.25 | 0.719 |
| Body fat (%) b | - | 34.20 ± 11.77 | 35.59 ± 10.46 | 33.93 ± 11.34 | 0.702 |
| Muscle mass (kg) b | - | 27.17 ± 5.90 | 25.26 ± 6.51 | 27.53 ± 5.78 | 0.292 |
| Visceral fat level b | - | 12.71 ± 4.41 | 11.00 ± 3.91 | 13.04 ± 4.46 | 0.205 |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) b | - | 1412.59 ± 151.71 | 1386.67 ± 183.99 | 1417.55 ± 146.54 | 0.580 |
| Sleep | |||||
| Sleeping hours a | Dk/Da | 37.8 (37) | 27.3 (6) | 40.8 (31) | 0.347 |
| < 8 | 11.2 (11) | 18.2 (4) | 9.2 (7) | ||
| > 8 | 51.0 (50) | 54.5 (12) | 50.0 (38) | ||
| Daytime sleepiness a | Normal | 94.6 (88) | 95.5 (21) | 94.4 (67) | 0.843 |
| Excessive | 5.4 (5) | 4.5 (1) | 5.6 (4) | ||
| Cognitive state a | |||||
| Dementia | 6.3 (6) | 18.2 (4) c | 2.7 (2) | 0.035 | |
| Cognitive impairment | 54.7 (52) | 59.1 (13) | 53.4 (39) | ||
| Suspected pathology | 20.0 (19) | 9.1 (2) | 23.3 (17) | ||
| Normal cognition | 18.9 (18) | 13.6 (3) | 20.5 (15) | ||
| Falls | |||||
| 6 months a | - | 25.3 (24) | 40.9 (9) c | 20.5 (15) | 0.054 |
| 12 months a | - | 40.0 (38) | 50.0 (11) | 37.0 (27) | 0.275 |
| Falls with injuries a | - | 22.1 (21) | 45.5 (10) c | 15.1 (11) | 0.003 |
| Types of injuries a | Minor | ||||
| Edema | 14.9 (14) | 18.2 (4) | 13.7 (10) | 0.603 | |
| Excoriation | 9.6 (9) | 18.2 (4) | 6.8 (5) | 0.112 | |
| Others | 1.1 (1) | 4.5 (1) | 4.1 (3) | 0.929 | |
| Serious | |||||
| Edema | 5.3 (5) | 13.6 (3) c | 2.7 (2) | 0.045 | |
| Fracture | 5.3 (5) | 4.5 (1) | 5.5 (4) | 0.863 | |
| Abrasion | 1.1 (1) | - | 1.4 (1) | 0.581 | |
| Distention | 1.1 (1) | 4.5 (1) | - | 0.067 | |
| Fear of falling a | Low concern | 25.0 (23) | 18.2 (4) | 27.1 (19) | 0.188 |
| Moderate concern | 37.0 (34) | 27.3 (6) | 40.0 (28) | ||
| High concern | 38.0 (35) | 54.5 (12) | 32.9 (23) | ||
| Degree of dependence | |||||
| Dk/Da | 10.2 (10) | 4.5 (1) | 11.8 (9) | 0.148 | |
| Moderate dependence | 64.3 (63) | 81.8 (18) | 59.2 (45) | ||
| Independence | 25.5 (25) | 13.6 (3) | 28.9 (22) | ||
aValues expressed as % (n); p-values of Chi-square analysis
bValues expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. p-values of t test analysis. M/RM malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, WN well-nourished, Dk/Da Do not know / Do not answer. p-value < 0.05
cvs. WN subgroup
dp-value of χ2 test or t test
e(psychotropic/anxiolytic + anti-inflammatory or diuretics drugs)