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. 2023 May 2;21:90. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01051-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Illustrations of different categories of circRNA. ①EcircRNA is formed by the back-splicing of exons; ②EIciRNA is circularized with introns “retained” between exons; ③ciRNA is formed by the back-splicing of the intron; ④rt-circRNA is a hybrid circle that includes coding exons from two adjacent and similarly oriented genes. ⑤f-circRNA is generated from transcribed exons of distinct genes affected by translocations. ⑥TricRNA is derived from pretRNA, which is recognized and cleaved by TSEN and produces 5’-OH and a 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate at each site of cleavage. Ligation of these two cleavage sites generates a circle. ⑦mecci-RNA refers to mtDNA-encoded or mitochondria-located circRNAs. SA splicing acceptor, SD splicing donor, EcirRNA exon circRNA, EIciRNA exon‒intron circRNA, ciRNA intronic circRNA, rt-circRNA read-through circRNA, f-circRNA fused circRNA, tricRNA tRNA intronic circular RNA, mecciRNA mitochondrial circRNA