Table 6.

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Risk for Stroke

Study Date and Author	Total No. of Subjects	Study Design	Pregnancy Outcome	Cerebrovascular Outcome	Follow-up, y	HR or OR for Outcome (95% CI)
Mannistö et al, 2013¹⁷³	10314	Prospective cohort study	Gestational hypertension	Ischemic cerebrovascular disease	40	1.67(1.13–2.45)
Bonamy et al, 2011¹⁷⁴	923686	Retrospective cohort study	Preterm birth; SGA	Cerebrovascular events (infarction, hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, TIA, other stroke)		Preterm birth 2.41 (1.4–4.17); SGA birth 1.68 (1.46–2.06); preterm and SGA birth 3.11 (1.91–5.09)
Irgens et al, 2001¹⁷⁵	626272	Retrospective cohort study	Preeclampsia	Stroke mortality		Term preeclampsia 0.98 (0.5–1.91); preterm preeclampsia* 5.08 (2.09–12.35)
Wilson et al, 2003¹⁷⁰	1312	Retrospective cohort study	Preeclampsia	Stroke mortality	32	3.59 (1.04–12.4)
Ray et al, 2005¹⁷⁶	1026265	Retrospective cohort study	Maternal placental syndrome	Cerebrovascular disease		1.90 (1.42–2.54)
Funai et al, 2005¹⁷⁷	37061	Retrospective cohort study	Preeclampsia	Stroke		3.07 (2.18–4.33)
Kestenbaum et al, 2003¹⁷⁸	124141	Case-control study	Preeclampsia	Cerebrovascular disease		2.53 (1.70–3.77)
Lykke et al, 2009¹⁷⁹	782287	Retrospective cohort	Gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia	Stroke	12.9–14.6	Gestational hypertension 1.58 (1.32–1.89); mild preeclampsia 1.50 (1.36–1.66); severe preeclampsia 1.66 (1.29–2.14)

CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; SGA, small for gestational age; and TIA, transient ischemic attack.

*Defined as preeclampsia between 16 and 36 weeks.