FIGURE 2.

The phosphorylation process and the potential functions of phosphorylation. (A) The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by kinases, and dephosphorylation is mediated by phosphatases. Most phosphorylation events occur on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. (B) Representative functions of protein phosphorylation are shown. Protein phosphorylation extensively affects cellular signal transduction, protein stability, activity, localization, conformation, protein–protein interactions, gene transcription, and so on. Representative phosphosites with related functions are shown.