Fig. 3.

Effect of Arctic ice cover on transparency of UV radiation and PAR. a Thickness of ice, snow and pond depth through the spring, dotted black lines mark start of snow melting, start of pond development, and ice break-up. Dark blue areas indicate pond development. Red dashed lines indicate dates when the transmission was measured b Average (n > 100) transmittance to 2 m depth of UV-B, UV-A, and PAR under combined snow and ice cover (11 June), melting snow with the initiation of pond development (18 June), melting snow and shallow pond formation (23 June), and low snow and deeper pond (2 July). Adapted from [44, 45]