Figure 9.

Proposed paradigm for remodeling of white adipocytes by NRBC. NR and BC bind nuclear receptors and activate gene expression at PPRE motifs. UCP1 and other uncoupling compounds and mitochondrial proteins mediate multiple energy-wasting enzymatic cycles that generate heat. PM20D1 regulates synthesis and degradation of N-acyl amino acids (NAA), molecules that directly uncouple mitochondria and increase energy expenditure. The synthesis and breakdown of creatine phosphate by the mitochondrial creatine kinases CKMT1A, CKMT1B and CKMT2 facilitates ATP-coupled respiration and enhances oxygen consumption. PDK4 directs pyruvate into synthesis of glycerol, fatty acids, and TGs to promote futile TG recycling. Lipolytic receptors and PKA are upregulated, increasing responsiveness to hormones and lipolysis. Fatty acids are transferred into mitochondria to fuel thermogenesis. Genes are turned on for production of bioactive peptides and lipokines which have autocrine insulin sensitizing effects and are secreted into circulation. NR (Naringenin), BC (β-carotene) Created with Biorender.com.