Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of 26 570 US adults stratified by diabetes status

	Participants without diabetes	Participants with diabetes	All participants	P-value
Sample size	22 592	3978	26 570	NA
Age, years, mean (SD)	47 (18)	61 (14)	49 (19)	<0.001
Sex (female), %	51.3	49.6	51.1	0.047
Ethnicity, %				<0.001
ȃHispanic	27.1	30.8	27.7
ȃNon-Hispanic white	46.1	39.6	45.1
ȃNon-Hispanic black	21.7	24.0	22.1
ȃOther	5.1	5.5	5.1
Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (IQR)	105 (74–153)	142 (98–209)	109 (77–161)	<0.001
FPG, mg/dL, median (IQR)	96 (89–102)	133 (114–169)	97 (90–107)	<0.001
HbA1c, %, median (IQR)	5.3 (5.1–5.6)	6.7 (6.0–7.8)	5.4 (5.1–5.8)	<0.001
Obesity, %
ȃUnderweight	1.8	0.7	1.7	<0.001
ȃNormal	34.8	15.1	31.9
ȃOverweight	34.6	31.9	34.2
ȃObese	27.8	50.2	31.2
ȃUnknown	0.9	2.1	1.1
Poverty–income ratio, %
ȃ<130%	27.8	33.3	28.6	<0.001
ȃ130–349%	36.9	37.9	37.0
ȃ ≥ 350%	27.1	19.3	26.0
ȃUnknown	8.2	9.4	8.4
Education, %
ȃ<High school	30.5	43.0	32.4	<0.001
ȃHigh school	26.0	24.1	25.7
ȃ>High school	43.2	32.7	41.7
ȃUnknown	0.3	0.2	0.3
Physical activity, %
ȃInactive	28.0	18.5	26.6	<0.001
ȃInsufficiently active	38.2	29.3	36.9
ȃActive	33.7	52.2	36.5
Alcohol consumption, %
ȃ0 drink/week	16.0	27.3	17.7	<0.001
ȃ<1 drink/week	22.5	20.8	22.2
ȃ1–6 drinks/week	21.8	11.6	20.3
ȃ ≥ 7 drinks/week	13.7	9.6	13.1
ȃUnknown	26.0	30.7	26.7
Smoking status, %
ȃPast smoker	23.8	17.4	22.9	<0.001
ȃCurrent smoker	23.5	34.2	25.1
ȃNon-smoker	52.6	48.3	51.9
Hypercholesterolaemia, %	22.8	45.2	26.2	<0.001
Hypertension, %	26.9	60.2	31.9	<0.001
Diabetes, %	0	100	15.0	NA
Family history of diabetes, %	40.5	60.1	43.4	<0.001
Diabetes duration ≥10 years, %	0.0	22.2	3.3	NA
Use of diabetes medications, %
ȃInsulin only	0.0	5.9	0.9	NA
ȃOral medications only	0.0	38.8	5.8
ȃBoth	0.0	5.6	0.8

HbA_1c, haemoglobin A_1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.