Table 2.
Univariate and Multifactorial Analysis of Susceptibility Factors for SSD
| ND Group (N=210) | SSD Group (N=99) | Univariate Model | Multivariate Model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR(95% CI) | P | OR(95% CI) | P | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender, n(%) | 0.785(0.477,1.291) | 0.340 | ||||
| Male | 126(60.0) | 65(65.7) | ||||
| Female | 84(40.0) | 34(34.3) | ||||
| Age, [years, M(SD)] | 56.79(16.797) | 61.67(14.512) | −2.484(−8.739,-1.013) | 0.014* | 0.996(0.975,1.017) | 0.717 |
| Admission Department, n(%) | 0.885 | |||||
| Surgery | 135(64.3) | 60(66.7) | ||||
| Internal Medicine | 57.(27.1) | 32(32.3) | ||||
| Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 4(1.9) | 1(1.0) | ||||
| Emergency Care | 2(1.0) | 1(1.0) | ||||
| ICU | 12(5.7) | 5(5.1) | ||||
| BMI [kg/m2, M(SD)] | 22.76(3.572) | 23.05(3.746) | −0.656(−1.160, 0.580) | 0.513 | ||
| Medical insurance, yes(%) | 187(89.0) | 89(89.9) | 0.914(0.417,2.001) | 0.821 | ||
| Pre-admission living environment, n(%) | 0.476 | |||||
| Home | 189(90.0) | 85(85.9) | ||||
| Nursing care | 10(4.8) | 8(8.1) | ||||
| Hospital | 11(5.2) | 6(6.1) | ||||
| Admission mode, n(%) | 0.819(0.502,1.339) | 0.426 | ||||
| Emergency admission to ICU | 75(35.7) | 40(40.4) | ||||
| Postoperative transfer to ICU | 135(64.3) | 59(59.6) | ||||
| Marital status, n(%) | 0.708 | |||||
| Unmarried | 14(6.7) | 92(92.9) | ||||
| Married | 188(89.5) | 5(5.1) | ||||
| Divorce | 2(1.0) | 1(1.0) | ||||
| Widowed | 6(2.9) | 1(1.0) | ||||
| Education, n(%) | 0.373 | |||||
| Illiterate | 14(6.7) | 12(12.1) | ||||
| Primary school | 69(32.9) | 33(33.3) | ||||
| Middle school | 101(48.1) | 45(24.5) | ||||
| College degree or above | 26(12.4) | 9(9.1) | ||||
| Medical history | ||||||
| Impaired hearing, yes(%) | 19(9.0) | 11(11.1) | 0.796(0.363,1.744) | 0.568 | ||
| Impaired vision, yes(%) | 26(12.4) | 13(13.1) | 0.935(0.458,1.908) | 0.853 | ||
| History of smoking, yes(%) | 76(36.2) | 38(38.4) | 0.910(0.556,1.491) | 0.709 | ||
| History of drinking, yes(%) | 53(25.2) | 35(35.4) | 0.617(0.368,1.035) | 0.066 | ||
| History of allergy, yes(%) | 13(6.2) | 3(3.0) | 2.112(0.588,7.586) | 0.242 | ||
| Hypertension, yes(%) | 50(23.8) | 41(41.4) | 0.442(0.265,0.737) | 0.002** | 1.484(0.771,2.859) | 0.237 |
| Diabetes, yes(%) | 31(14.8) | 15(15.2) | 0.970(0.497,1.893) | 0.928 | ||
| History of mental illness, yes(%) | 8(3.8) | 12(12.1) | 0.213(0.078,0.586) | 0.001** | 3.741(1.136,12.324) | 0.030* |
| History of fall, yes(%) | 35(16.7) | 21(21.2) | 0.743(0.406,1.358) | 0.333 | ||
| History of surgical, yes(%) | 96(45.7) | 44(44.4) | 1.053(0.651,1.702) | 0.834 | ||
| History of blood transfusion, yes(%) | 25(11.9) | 9(9.1) | 1.351(0.606,3.015) | 0.461 | ||
| History of antidepressant/ benzodiazepine use, yes(%) | 16(7.6) | 10(10.1) | 0.734(0.320,1.682) | 0.463 | ||
| Modifiable risk factors | ||||||
| Auxiliary ventilation, yes(%) | 146(69.5) | 79(79.8) | 0.552(0.312,0.977) | 0.040* | 3.364(1.448,7.813) | 0.005** |
| Catheterization, yes(%) | 168(80.0) | 86(86.9) | 0.605(0.308,1.187) | 0.141 | ||
| Number of catheters≥3, yes(%) | 135(64.3) | 68(68.7) | 0.821(0.493,1.366) | 0.447 | ||
| Use of dehydrating agent, yes(%) | 129(61.4) | 57(57.6) | 1.173(0.722,1.908) | 0.519 | ||
| Hemodialysis, yes(%) | 11(5.2) | 19(19.2) | 0.233(0.106,0.511) | 0.000*** | 11.369(1.245,103.840) | 0.031* |
| Metabolic acidosis, yes(%) | 21(10.0) | 3(13.1) | 0.735(0.352,1.536) | 0.412 | ||
| Active state, n(%) | 0.049* | |||||
| Active decubitus | 164(78.1) | 65(65.7) | 2.097(0.199,22.104)a | 0.538 | ||
| Passive decubitus | 45(21.4) | 21(21.2) | 1.801(0.164,19.720)a | 0.164 | ||
| Forced lying position | 1(0.5) | 13(13.1) | ||||
| Benzodiazepine, yes(%) | 18(8.6) | 9(9.1) | 0.938(0.405,2.168) | 0.880 | ||
| Steroid drugs, yes(%) | 46(21.9) | 24(24.2) | 0.8877(0.499,1.541) | 0.647 | ||
| Number of medications≥5, yes(%) | 73(34.8) | 46(46.5) | 0.614(0.377,0.999) | 0.049* | 1.677(0.930,3.023) | 0.086 |
| Constraint, yes(%) | 82(39.0) | 47(47.5) | 0.709(0.438,1.148) | 0.161 | ||
| Pain, yes(%) | 126(60.0) | 67(67.7) | 0.716(0.433,1.185) | 0.193 | ||
| Analgesia, yes(%) | 124(59.0) | 68(68.7) | 0.657(0.396,1.090) | 0.103 | ||
| Calm, yes(%) | 102(48.6) | 57(57.6) | 0.696(0.430,1.127) | 0.139 | ||
| Transfusion in ICU, yes(%) | 123(58.6) | 54(54.5) | 1.178(0.728,1.907) | 0.504 | ||
| Use of antibiotics, yes(%) | 155(73.8) | 79(79.8) | 0.713(0.400,1.273) | 0.252 | ||
| Surgery, yes(%) | 169(80.5) | 72(72.7) | 1.546(0.884,2.702) | 0.125 | ||
| CCI, M(SD) | 4.06(3.286) | 3.76(2.896) | 0.812 | 0.418 | ||
| MMSE, M(SD) | 23.90(4.353) | 20.24(4.813) | 6.668(2.582,4.743) | 0.000*** | 0.845(0.789,0.904) | 0.000*** |
| RCSQ, M(SD) | 62.65(16.764) | 60.93(16.263) | 0.849(−2.265,5.702) | 0.397 | ||
| T≥37.5°C | 17(8.1) | 15(15.2) | 0.431(0.201,0.921) | 0.027* | 3.686(1.404,9.732) | 0.008** |
| Systolic pressure [mmHg, M(SD)] | 126.71(23.938) | 126.71(23.938) | 0.280(5.167,6.879) | 0.780 | ||
| Diastolic pressure [mmHg, M(SD)] | 79.16(15.256) | 79.63(18.398) | −0.220(−4.670,3.732) | 0.826 | ||
| HR, M(SD) | 93.48(23.627) | 97.38(25.951) | −1.314(19.759,1.944) | 0.190 | ||
| Intake [mL, M(SD)] | 1933.61(1150.982) | 2025.16(1363.786) | −0.614(−384.918,201.814) | 0.540 | ||
| Output [mL, M(SD)] | 1676.77(1094.315) | 1676.77(1094.315) | 1.062(−114.775,383.994) | 0.289 | ||
| ADL, M(SD) | 7.05(13.885) | 4.14(9.176) | 2.00(0.044,5.016) | 0.046* | 0.979(0.947,1.011) | 0.187 |
| APACHEII, M(SD) | 15.09(6.292) | 17.86(6.025) | −4.124(−4.469,1.582) | 0.000*** | 1.052(0.999,1.108) | 0.054 |
| Caprini, M(SD) | 7.74(3.365) | 8.29(3.910) | −1.215(−1.456,0.346) | 0.226 | ||
| PH, M(SD) | 7.38(0.068) | 7.38(0.080) | −0.047(−.018,0.017) | 0.962 | ||
| PaO2, M(SD) | 130.36(54.111) | 125.43(54.473) | 0.745(−8.081,17.936) | 0.457 | ||
| PaCO2, M(SD) | 37.48(10.442) | 38.71(10.258) | −0.969(−3.717, 1.265) | 0.334 | ||
| K, M(SD) | 4.07(0.677) | 3.91(0.702) | 1.874(−.008,0.321) | 0.062 | ||
| Na, M(SD) | 135.84(4.702) | 136.64(6.957) | −1.191(−2.126, 0.523) | 0.235 | ||
| Ca, M(SD) | 1.12(0.100) | 1.11(0.159) | 0.437(−.027, 0.042) | 0.663 | ||
| CL, M(SD) | 106.68(11.236) | 107.48(5.639) | −0.668(−3.149, 1.553) | 0.505 | ||
| Blood glucose, M(SD) | 10.70(8.284) | 9.69(3.857) | 1.156(−.710, 2.732) | 0.249 | ||
| RBC [×10Λ12/L, M(SD)] | 3.60(1.681) | 4.21(5.289) | −1.124(−1.690, 0.467) | 0.263 | ||
| HBG [g/L, M(SD)] | 103.26(27.331) | 102.19(29.986) | 0.314(−5.688, 7.845) | 0.754 | ||
| HCT [%, M(SD)] | 31.73(10.634) | 30.89(9.396) | 0.670(−1.623, 3.297) | 0.504 | ||
| WBC [×10Λ9/L, M(SD)] | 12.33(11.005) | 12.20(6.015) | 0.108(−2.199, 2.453) | 0.914 | ||
| PLT [×10Λ9/L, M(SD)] | 184.34(109.861) | 174.07(98.543) | 0.792(−15.252, 35.787) | 0.429 | ||
| NEUT,[×10Λ9/L, M(SD)] | 13.50(46.894) | 11.34(7.462) | 0.455(−7.179, 11.494) | 0.650 | ||
| Lym [×10Λ9/L, M(SD)] | 5.82(69.858) | 0.82(0.468) | 0.710(−8.836, 18.819) | 0.478 | ||
| CRP(mg/L) | 0.836 | |||||
| <5.0 | 64(30.5) | 28(28.3) | ||||
| 5.0–200 | 122(58.1) | 61(61.6) | ||||
| >200 | 24(11.4) | 10(10.1) | ||||
| hs-CRP>5.0, yes(%) | 147(70.0) | 70(70.7) | 0.967(0.572,1.632) | 0.899 | ||
| Mg [mmol/L, M(SD)] | 2.50(11.664) | 0.89(0.174) | 1.992(0.016, 3.191) | 0.048* | 0.941(0.750,1.182) | 0.603 |
| TP [g/L, M(SD)] | 55.56(12.083) | 60.55(42.769) | −1.56(−11.260, 1.281) | 0.118 | ||
| ALB [g/L, M(SD)] | 32.60(6.544) | 33.30(13.243) | −0.622(−2.913, 1.514) | 0.534 | ||
| Cr [umol/L, M(SD)] | 102.98(111.468) | 136.80(167.50) | −1.82(−70.407, 2.776) | 0.070 | ||
| TBil [umol/L, M(SD)] | 21.23(24.454) | 34.52(65.042) | −1.968(−26.666, 0.0990) | 0.052 | ||
| LAC [mmol/L, M(SD)] | 3.49(3.473) | 3.22(1.838) | 0.710(−.467, 0.995) | 0.478 | ||
| PCT [ng/mL, M(SD)] | 6.76(28.658) | 5.80(25.963) | 0.284(−5.712, 7.639) | 0.777 | ||
| FIB [g/L, M(SD)] | 3.42(2.465) | 3.41(1.434) | 0.041(−.514,0.536) | 0.967 | ||
Notes: aTaking the forced lying position as a reference, the risk of active lying position and passive lying position. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; BMI, Body Mass Index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI: confidence interval; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; FIB, Fibrinogen; HCT, Red blood cell specific volume; HGB, hemoglobin; HR, Heart rate; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; LAC, lactic acid; Lym, leukomonocyte; M, Mean; MFS, Morse Fall Scale; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; n, number; NEUT, neutrophil; NRS, Nutrition risk screening; OR, odds ratio; PCT, procalcitonin; PLT, Platelets; RBC, red blood cell count; RCSQ, Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire; SD, Standard Deviation; SSD, Subsyndromal delirium; T, Temperature; TBIL, total bilirubin; TP, Total protein; WBC, leukocyte.