Table 2.

Neuronal and behavioral phenotypes observed in mouse models invalidated for the Dpysl/Crmp genes.

Mouse genotype	Neuroanatomical and cellular phenotype	Molecular defect	Electrophysiology	Behavioral phenotype	References
Dpysl1−/− or Crmp1−/−	- Abnormal dendritic development of CA1 pyramidal neurons - Reduction of synapse density in CA1 hippocampus - Reduced number of mature dendritic spines in cortical neurons	- Decreased PDS95 and GAP-43 protein levels in CA1 hippocampus	- Decreased LTP in CA1 hippocampus	- Hyperactivity, impaired emotional behavior - Decreased pre-pulse inhibition - Impaired learning and memory	Su et al. (2007) and Yamashita et al. (2007, 2013)
Dpysl2−/− or Crmp2−/−	- Altered dendritic morphology (number spine and dendritic branching) of CA1 pyramidal neurons and cortical neurons (layer V) - Altered dendritic spine pruning in dentate gyrus - Abnormal axon pruning arising from hippocampus and visual cortex - Dysgenesis of corpus callosum	- Abnormal NMDA receptor composition - Decreased level of synaptic proteins NSF, PRKACB, GNAI1, GRIA2, SNAP25 - Increased level of synaptic proteins SHANK3, SHANK2, GRIA1	- Reduced LTP induction in hippocampus	- Decreased anxiety - Hyperactivity - Impaired social behavior, learning and memory - Defects in locomotor activity	Nakamura et al. (2016), Zhang et al. (2018), and Ziak et al. (2020)
Dpysl3−/− or Crmp4−/−	- Increased dendritic total length and branching in primary hippocampal neurons - Defective infrapyramidal bundle of mossy fibers of the dentate gyrus (DG) pruning in the hippocampus	- Altered mRNA expression levels of genes related to neurotransmission and cell adhesion in hippocampus, cortex and olfactory bulb		- Decreased social interaction - Alterations of sensory responses (temperature and olfactory)	Niisato et al. (2012), Tsutiya et al. (2016), Takaya et al., 2017, and Tsutiya et al. (2017)
Dpysl4−/− or Crmp3−/−	- Abnormal dendrite and spine morphogenesis in hippocampus - Defect in infrapyramidal bundle of mossy fibers pruning in hippocampus		- Impairment of LTP induction in CA1 hippocampus		Quach et al. (2018)
Dpysl5−/− or Crmp5−/−	- Aberrant Purkinje cell morphology in cerebellum		- Impaired LTD induction between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells	- Abnormal limb-clasping reflexes	Yamashita et al. (2011)