Table 3.

Studies of Myopia Progression in Adults 18 to 25 Years

Author	Population	Number With Myopia/Total	Mean Age (Years)	Duration (Years)	Annual Progression (D)	Annual Axial Elongation (mm)	% Progressing ≥0.50 D
O'Neal and Connon47	US military recruits	439/994 eyes	17 to 21	2.5	−0.23	—	55%
Grosvenor and Scott58	New Zealand optometry students and patients	36/53	21.4	3	−0.08	+0.06	56%†
Lin et al.55	Taiwanese medical students	320/345	18 to 21	5	−0.14	—	—
Kinge and Midelfart48,63	Norwegian engineering students	92/192	20.6	3	−0.22	+0.13	32%
Jiang et al.64	US Optometry students	29/35	24.9*	1	−0.20*	—	—
Fesharaki et al.49	Iranian medical students	62/131	19.8	5.5	−0.19	—	45%
Onal et al.8	Turkish medical students	89/207	21.1	1	+0.02	+0.01*	—
Jorge et al.50	Portuguese university students	26/118	20.6	3	−0.10*	+0.04*	22%*
Lv and Zhang52	Chinese university students	1,612/2,053	18.3	2	−0.18	—
Jacobsen et al.51	Danish medical students	53/156	23.1	2	−0.22	+0.07*	—
Parssinen et al.65,66	Finnish adults	160	23.7	10	−0.06	+0.04	45%
Verkicharla et al.70	Indian practice patients	1,032	21 to 25	1	−0.14	—	—
Ducloux et al.69	French spectacle wearers	11,299	18 to 19	1 to 2.2	−0.10	—	—
Polling et al.68	Dutch spectacle wearers	1,270	19 to 21	3	−0.08	—	—
Lee et al.53	Australian birth cohort	177/813	18 to 22	8	−0.04*	+0.02*	38%*
Duan et al.54	Chinese medical students	271/291	18.7	2	−0.20*	+0.05*	26%*

Studies are listed in chronological order. Five used non-cycloplegic refraction.^{58,64,68–70} The remaining 11 used cycloplegic refraction.

^*Values represent progression and elongation in all subjects, including emmetropes and hyperopes.

^†>0.25 D