Table 2:
Study Characteristics
| Author and Publication Year | Population | Sample Size | Study Design | Sex, % Female | Age a | Race |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adynski 2019 27 | Low-income mothers | Stress: 842; Depression: 845; Anxiety:846 | Prospective Cohort | 100% | 25.68 (5.76) | African American (AA) 53.8%; Hispanic (H) 24.2%; White (W) 22% |
| Ajrouch 2010 28 | AA women in a high-poverty | 736 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | 30.8 (SE 0.3) | AA 100% |
| Alaimo 2002 29 | NHANES for 15-16 yr olds | 754 Adolescents | Cross-sectional | 49.30% | 15: 46.8% 16: 53.2% |
W 66.7%; AA 15.4%; Mexican-American 7.8% |
| Ashiabi 2007 30 | Families with a child 6-11 yrs old | 9,645 Parent-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Parent 81.9%; Child 51.25% | Parents: 37.19 (7.61) Children: 8.39 (1.72) |
W 69.12%; H 16.81%; AA 14.07% |
| Austin 2017 31 | Urban, low-income women | 296 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | 33.2 (10.6) | AA 56.5%; H 23.3%; W/Other 14.5% |
| Becker 2017 32 | Food pantry clients in TX | 503 Adults | Cross-sectional | 76.50% | < 25: 2.2%; 25-50: 39.4%; 51-65: 33.4% 66-75: 18.7%; > 75: 6.0% |
Latino/H 64.6%; AA 16.5%; W 11.33%; Other 6.4% |
| Becker 2019 33 | Food pantry clients in TX | 891 Adults | Cross-sectional | 67.30% | 42.07 (14.36) | Latinx/H 76.2%; W 10.1%; AA 5.9%; Other 7.8% |
| Bergmans 2018 34 | Women with SNAP | W2: 243 W3: 241 W4: 235 Mothers |
Prospective Cohort | 100% | <18: 4.7% 18-30: 80.5% 30-40: 14.5% ≥ 40: 0.4% |
AA 62.1%; H 21.5%; W 13.3%; Other 3.1% |
| Bernard 2018 35 | Parent-child dyads | 58 Parent-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Parent 97%; Child 40% | Parent: 37.4 (10.36) Child: 10.56 (2.48) |
Parent AA 76%; W 14%; Other 9%; Missing 2% |
| Black 2012 36 | Urban, low-income families | 26,950 Caregiver-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Caregiver NR; Child 46.8% | Caregiver: 25.6 (5.9); Child: 11.3 mos (9.6) | Children AA 55.2%; H 29.9%; W 13.0%; NA 0.8%; Asian: 1.1% |
| Braveman 2018 37 | Postpartum Californian women | 27102 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | 15-19: 6.4%; 20-24: 19.8%; 25-29: 26.6% 30-34: 27.8%; ≥35: 19.4% |
Latina 49.8%; W 29.3%; Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 14.7%; AA 5.7%; American Indian (AI)/ Alaska Native/other 0.5% |
| Bronte-Tinkew 2007 38 | Parents of young children | 8693 Parents | Prospective Cohort | Parent NR; Child 48.9% | Mother at child's birth: 27.56 (SE 6.4) Child: 10.5 mos (SE 1.9) |
NR |
| Browder 2012 39 | Mothers in rural America | 476 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | 30.19 | W 67.2%; Latina 25.0%; AA 7.8% |
| Bulock 2014 40 | Rural, low-income mothers | 215 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | 30.66 | W 71.8%; H/Latina 15%; AA 7.0%; Native American (NA) 0.9%; Multi-Racial 5.0%; Other: 0.5% |
| Burke 2016 41 | Children and Adolescents | 16,918 Children 14,143 Adolescents |
Cross-sectional | 49.2% | Children (Age 4-11yo): 54.4% Adolescents (Age 12-17yo): 45.6% |
Children: W 57.5%; Black, non-Hispanic 13.8%, Other, non-Hispanic 22.6%, Hispanic 6.2% Adolescents: W 59;9%, Black, non-Hispanic 13.8%, Other, non-Hispanic 20.6%, Hispanic 5.7% |
| Casey 2004 42 | Mothers in 5 states | 5,306 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | NR | AA 51.4%; H 34.7%; W 11.9% |
| Chilton 2014 43 | Low-income families | 44 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | Mother: 26.7 (6.6); Child: 17.7 mos (9.6) | Mothers: AA 70.5%; H 22.7%; W 6.82% |
| Coffino 2020 44 | NESARC-III | 36,145 Adults | Cross-sectional | 52% | 46.5 (0.199) | W 66.2%; H 14.8%; AA 11.8%; Other 7.3% |
| Darling 2017 45 | College freshmen | 98 Young Adults | Cross-sectional | 75% | 18.23 (0.74) | W 66%; AA 20%; More than one race 10%; Other 4% |
| Dennison 2019 46 | Children of Seattle, WA | 94 Children | Cross-sectional | 48.9% | 13.57 (3.47) | W 51.1%; AA 17.0%; H 13.8%; Asian 10.6%; Biracial/Other; 7.5% |
| Distel 2019 47 | Children of Mexican-origin immigrant families | 104 Children | Prospective Cohort | 61% | 8.39 | NR |
| Doudna 2015 48 | Rural families | 314 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | Approx. 30 | Non-H W 63.1% |
| Eiden 2014 49 | Low-income children | 216 Mother-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Parent 100%; Children 51% | Mother: 29.53 (6.06) Child: at K 5.52 (0.36) |
Mothers AA 72% |
| Ettekal 2019 50 | Low-income families | 169 Mother-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% Children 51% |
Mothers:29.78 (5.46) | Mothers AA 74% |
| Fernández 2018 51 | Urban 9-year-olds | 3,508 Children | Cross-sectional | Parents 100%; Children 52.5% | Mothers: 34.4 (6.0) | Mothers AA 51.9%; W 30.7%; Latina 25.2%; Asian 2.3%; NA 4.2%; Other 10.9% |
| Frazer 2011 52 | Rural, low-income families | W1: 413 W2: 314 W3: 265 |
Prospective Cohort | NR | Parents W1: 30.1; Youngest Child W1: Med 2.0, Range 0-13 | W1: W 64.6%; Latino 21.5%; AA 8.8%; NA 0.2%; Asian 0.2%; Multiracial/Other 4.6% |
| Garg 2015 53 | Low-income mothers | 2,917 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | 25.5 (SE 5.8) | W 37.5%; H 34.8%; AA 22.5%; Asian/PI 2.1%; Other 3.1% |
| Gee 2018 54 | Kindergarteners in FI homes | 1,040 Children | Retrospective Cohort | 45.10% | 65.73 mos (4.07) | H 38.6%; W 36%; AA 14.5%; Asian 2.1%; Other: NA, PI, or multiracial 8.5% |
| Gee 2019 55 | Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS), K Cohort | 7,820 Parent-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Parents 85% Children 49.1% | NR | Children W 57%; H 22% AA 12%; Asian 4% |
| Gill 2018 56 | Low-income mothers | 4,125 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Children 49.0% | Mothers: 30.8 (6.5) Children:2.6 (1.3) | Mothers H/Latina 85.1%; AA 7.2%; W 4.5%; Asian/PI 2.2% |
| Greder 2017 57 | Rural, low-income children | 370 Mother-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Children 50.3% | Mothers: 32.6 (8.54) Children: 6 (3.25) | Mothers W 66.5%; Latina 24.1%; AA 7.9%; AI or Alaskan Native 2.9%; Asian 1.2%; PI 1.2%; Other 10%; More than once race 10.3% |
| Grineski 2018 58 | 1st graders in TX | 11,958 Children | Cross-sectional | 48.40% | Children: 85.45 mos (44.43) | H 25.2% ; AA 13.3%; Asian 4.4%; Other 5.5% |
| Guerrero 2020 59 | Infants born in 1998-2000 | 3,630 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children with FI 9% | NR | Children with FI AA 11%; H 11%; W 8%; Other 7% |
| Hall 2018 60 | High school students | 7,641 Students | Cross-sectional | 53.00% | NR | H 100% |
| Hanson 2012 61 | Low-income families | 225 Families | Cross-sectional | NR | Parents: 30 | Non-W 33.8% |
| Harrison 2008 62 | Pregnant women | 1,386 Pregnant Women | Cross-sectional | 100% | ≤17: 17.3% 18-19: 18.2% 20-24: 35.0% 25-29: 16.4% ≥30: 13.1% |
AA 44.0%; Asian/PI 19.2%; H (any race) 15.7%; AI 13.9%; W 5.4%; Multiracial 1.7% |
| Hatem 2020 63 | Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (FFCWS) | 2,626 Adolescents | Prospective Cohort | 49% | Mothers: 28.16 (6.01) | Adolescents AA 49%; W 27%; H 24% |
| Heflin 2009 64 | Parents with newborn children | Y1: 3,541 Y3: 3,516 |
Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Parent Y1: 26.5 Youngest Child Y1: 2.3 | Y1: AA 47.9%; H 24.9%; W 23.5%; Other 3.8% |
| Heflin 2005 65 | Female welfare recipients | 753 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | ≥35 W1: 27.0% | W1 AA 50%; W 50% |
| Heflin 2008 66 | Panel Study of Income Dynamics | 4,438 Families | Prospective Cohort | NR | Parent: 43.21 (SE 10.18) Youngest Child: 4.01 (SE 5.35) | W 61.6%; AA 30.5%; Other 7.9% |
| Helton 2019 67 | FFCWS | 2,330 Mother-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Children 48% | Mothers: 25.28 Children: 61.87 mos | AA 49%; H 27% |
| Hernandez 2014 68 | FFCWS | 1,690 Families | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers: 28.42 (6.05) | AA 44%; H 26%; W 26%; Other 3% |
| Himmelgreen 1998 69 | Puerto Rican women | 82 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | Mothers: 33.3 (5.4) | Puerto Rican 100% |
| Horodynski 2018 70 | Growing Healthy Project | 567 Families | Cross-sectional | Caregiver NR; Child 51% | Caregiver: 29.5 (6.7) Children: 49.0 mos (6.1) | Caregivers W 62%; AA 30%; H/Other 8% |
| Howells 2020 71 | Pregnant women after Hurricane Florence | 83 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | Mothers: 30.9 | W 88.0%; H 4.8%; AA 3.6%; Other 3.6% |
| Hromi-Fiedler 2011 72 | Low-income, pregnant Latinas | 135 Women | Cross-sectional | 100% | Mothers: 25.24 (5.65) | Puerto Rican 65.2%; Non-Puerto Rican Latina 34.8% |
| Huang 2016 73 | Children in K to fifth grade | 7,348 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 49.53% | Mothers: 32.8 (5.8) Children: 68.4 (4.3) | W 60.0%; H 19.3%; AA 13.9%; Other 6.8% |
| Huddleston-Casas 2009 74 | Rural, low-income mothers | W1: 413 W2: 325 W3: 270 |
Prospective Cohort | 100% | Mothers: 30.04 (7.72) | W 62.2%; H/Latina 21.4%; AA 11.2%; Other 5.1% |
| Jacknowitz 2015 75 | Children | 7,850 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children 49.5% | NR | Children W 36.8%; H 24%; AA 19.2%; Other 20.0% |
| Jackson 2017 76 | ECLS, K Cohort | 6,531 Children | Prospective Cohort | 49% | NR | Non-W 37% |
| Jackson 2017 77 | ECLS, Birth Cohort | 4,721 Adults | Prospective Cohort | NR | NR | NR |
| Johnson 2018 78 | Low-income households | 2,800 Children | Prospective Cohort | 48% | Children: 68.07 mos (4.42) | Mothers W 42%; H 32%; AA 20%; Asian 6% |
| Johnson 2018 79 | Children born in 2001 | 3,600 Children | Prospective Cohort | 9 mo cohort 50%; 2 yr cohort 49%; Preschool cohort 48% | 68.15 mos (4.39) at 2 yr follow-up: 68.07 mos (4.37) at Preschool follow-up: 68.01 mos (4.36) | at 9 mo. W 39%; H 32%; AA 20%; Other 9% |
| Koury 2020 80 | Economically disadvantaged mothers | 219 Mother-child dyads | Cross-sectional | 100% | NR | NR |
| Kim 2012 81 | At-risk mothers | 324 Mothers | Cross-sectional | 100% | <20: 13% ≥20: 87% |
H or Latina 50.0%; AA 25.3%; W 16.4%; Other 8.4% |
| Kimbro 2015 82 | Children in FI households | 6,300 Children | Retrospective Cohort | 50% | Mothers: 33.7 Children: 73.70 mos | W 53%; H 26%; AA 12%; Asian 4%; Other 5% |
| King 2017 83 | Urban children | 2,829 Children | Cross-sectional | Parent 100%; Child 48% | Children: approx. 5 yrs old | NR |
| King 2018 84 | FFCWS | 2,488 Children | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100%; Children NR | NR | Mothers AA 52.7%; W 22.4%; H 21.6% |
| Kleinman 2002 85 | Inner-city children | 97 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children 59% | NR | Children: AA or H >70% |
| Kleinman 1998 86 | CCHIP study | 328 Children | Cross-sectional | Parents 84%; Children 47% | Child: 8.4 | NR |
| Laraia 2015 87 | Pregnant women | 526 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | Mothers: 30.06 (5.2) | W/Other 87.6%; AA 11.9% |
| Laraia 2009 88 | Low-income, first-time AA mothers | 206 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers: 22.66 (3.77) | AA 100% |
| Laraia 2006 89 | Mothers | 606 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | 100% | Mothers: 27.2 (5.6) | W 58.9%; AA 33.2%; Other 7.9% |
| Lent 2009 90 | Poor, rural families | 29 Families | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers:29.3 | Non-H W 89.7% |
| Letiecq 2019 91 | Central American immigrant mothers | 134 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Mothers: 34.63 (7.35) | Latina/H 100% |
| McLaughlin 2012 92 | Adolescents, NCS-A 2001 to 2004 | 6,483 Parent-child dyads | Cross-sectional | NR | Children: Range 13-17 | NR |
| Mersky 2017 93 | Low-income women | 1,241 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers: 24.2 (5.7) | W 33.2%; AA 27.4%; H 22.6%; AI 8.0%; Other 8.9% |
| Munger 2016 94 | Mothers with SNAP | 1,225 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | NR | AA 42%; H 30%; W 24%; Other 4% |
| Murphy 1998 95 | Low-income children | 101 Parent-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Parents NR, Children 53% | NR | AA 80% |
| Nagata 2019 8 | Low-income Latino households | 168 Mother-child dyads | Prospective Cohort | Children 49.2% | Mothers at 4-yr follow-up: 30.4 (5.3) | Mexican 59.5%; Other 40.5% |
| Nelson 2016 96 | Children | 4,900 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children 54% | Mothers: 29.4 | W 58.8%; H/Latino 26.1% AA 15.2%; Asian 2.6%; Multiracial/Other 5.5% |
| Niemeier 2019 97 | 10-12th grade students | 1493 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 53.9% | NR | H 52.8% |
| Noonan 2016 98 | ECLS, Birth cohort | Sample A: 8150; Sample B: 9100; Sample C: 7800; Mothers | Prospective cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers at child's birth Sample A: 27.9 (6.31) Sample B: 27.6 (6.34) Sample C: 27.6 (6.29) |
Maternal characteristics at birth, Sample A AA 15.6%; H 15.4%; Asian/PI 13.4%; AI 4.4% |
| Phojanakong 2020 99 | Families with young children | 372 Caregivers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 94.1% | Parents: 28.0 (11.4) | AA 91.1%; H 3.5%; W 2.4%; Other 3.0% |
| Poll 2020 100 | Male collegiate athletes | 111 Young Adults | Cross-sectional | Adults 0% | 21 (2), Range 19-23 | W 56.8%; AA 34.2%; Other/Multiracial: 5.6%; AI or Native Alaskan 1.8%; H 0.9%; Hawaiian/PI: 0.9% |
| Poole-Di Salvo 2016 101 | 12-16 year-old students | 8,600 Adolescents | Cross-sectional | Adolescents 47.8% | Mothers <30: 7.2%; 30-47: 76.9%; >47: 15.9%; Child (range; 12.33-16.90) | W 57.1%; H 18.4%; AA 17.3%; Other 7.2% |
| Potochnick 2019 102 | H/Latino Youth | 1,362 Youth | Cross-sectional | Children 49.2% | Children:12.2 | H 100% |
| Pulgar 2016 103 | Latina Women in farmworker families | 248 Mother-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | 18-25: 29.0% 26-35: 55.7% 36-45: 15.3% |
NR |
| Raiford 2014 104 | Young, AA women in resource-poor communities | 237 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Mothers 17.6 (1.0) | AA 100% |
| Richards 2020 105 | Pregnant women | 752 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers:28.9 (5.6) | W 64.6%; H 20.4%; AA 5.5%; Other 9.5% |
| Rodriguez-JenKins 2014 106 | Families with child welfare | 771 Caregivers | Cross-sectional | Caregivers 92% | Caregivers 32.4 | W 62%; AA 5%; AI/Alaskan Native 6.6%; Latino 5.4%; Asian American/PI 1.9%; Multiracial 17.1% |
| Rongstad 2018 107 | Children | 1,330 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 50.3% | 0-1: 5%; 2-5: 36%; 6-10: 32%; 11-15: 20%; 16-20: 7% | W 77.4%; H/Latino 8.4%; AA 4.7%; Asian 4.3%; Multiracial/Other 5.2% |
| Rose-Jacobs 2008 108 | Low-income families | 2,010 Caregiver-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Children 53.6% | Caregiver <21: 14.2%; Children 4-12m: 40%; 13-24m: 39%; 25-36m: 21% | Caregiver AA 59.3%; H 19.8%; W 19.7%; Asian 1%; NA 1% |
| Rose-Jacobs 2019 109 | Pregnant women on opioid agonist treatment | 75 Women | Cross-sectional | Parents 100%; Children 52.3% | Mothers: 28.8 (5.2) | Mothers W, non-H 82.9% |
| Rose-Jacobs 2019 110 | Pregnant women being treated for opioid use | 100 Women | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Mothers: 28.6 (5.1) | W/non-H 73.0% |
| Rosenthal 2015 111 | Disadvantaged pregnant young women | 484 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers: 18.66 (1.68) | Latina 54.5%; AA 33.5% |
| Salas-Wright 2020 112 | Venezuelan immigrant children | 399 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 43.61% | Children:14.4 (1.75) | NR |
| Sun 2016 113 | Mothers | 1,255 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Caregiver: Median 24, Range 22-28 Child: Median 18.5mos, Range 9-31 |
H 47.5%; AA 39.0%; W 10.6%; Other 3% |
| Sidebottom 2014 114 | Women at urban community health center | 594 Mothers | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100% | Mothers: 21.9 (5.45); <20: 39.5%; 20-24: 36.6%; ≥25: 23.8% | AA 50.5%; NA 20.2%; Asian/PI 16.0%; H 7.7% W 3.9%; Multiple 1.7% |
| Siefert 2007 115 | Low-income, AA mothers | 824 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Mothers 18-24: 36.7%; 25-34: 50%; 35-54: 13.2% | AA 100% |
| Siefert 2001 116 | Single women receiving welfare | 724 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | Mothers 25-34: 46.3%; ≥35: 25.7% | AA 55.8%; Non-H W 44.2% |
| Slack 2005 117 | Families receiving welfare | W1: 1,363 W2: 1,183 Children |
Prospective Cohort | Children 47.8% | Children 3-5: 37.8%, 6-12: 62.2% | Caregiver: AA 78.7%; Children: AA 80% |
| Slopen 2010 118 | Children | 2,810 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children 50.50% | Caregiver: 35.58 (0.31) Children: 8.16 (0.05) | Children H 42.54%; AA 31.92% W 13.82%; Other 11.72% |
| Ten Haagen 2014 119 | Families in Boston | 308 Families | Prospective Cohort | Caregivers 100% | Mothers: 33.88 (7.46) | AA 47%; H 33%; W 7%; Other 13% |
| Testa 2020 120 | Adolescents | 12,228 Adolescents | Prospective Cohort | 54.40% | NR | W 56.6%; AA 19.7%; H 15.6%; Other 8.1% |
| Thomas 2019 121 | Children ages 2 to 17 yrs | 29,341 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 48.5% | Children: 9.65 (4.69) | Children W 50.5%; H 27.3%; AA 14.0%; Asian 5.8%; Other 2.5% |
| Trapp 2015 122 | Low-income, preschool children | 222 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 50% | Children: 35mos (8.7) | Puerto Rican 61%; H, non-Puerto Rican 29%; AA 10% |
| Tseng 2017 123 | Matched child-parent data from the 2014 to 2015 NHIS | 18,456 Parent-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Parents 61% | Parents 18-29: 22%; 30-39: 34%; ≥40: 44% | Parents W 56.7%; H 21.5%; AA 11.6%; Other 10.3% |
| Vaughn 2016 124 | NESARC | 34,427 Adults | Prospective Cohort | 51.94% | 49.1 (17.3) | W 70.67%; AA 11.29%; H 4.31%; Other 11.37% |
| Wu 2018 125 | ECLS, Birth Cohort | 6,970 Children | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100%; Children 49.2% | NR | Children W 40.8%; H 20.0%; AA 15.6%; Asian/PI 11.6% NA/Alaskan Native 3.4%; Multiracial 8.4% |
| Ward 2019 126 | Families in AR | 693 Caregivers | Cross-sectional | Caregivers 100%; Children 50.8% | NR | AA 55.7%; W 22.2% H 14.3%; Other 7.8% |
| Weinreb 2002 127 | Homeless and low-income mothers and children | 322 Mothers 355 Children |
Case-control | Caregivers 100%; Children 45.4% | Mothers: 30.4 Children: School-aged: 10.1; 57.2% Preschool-aged: 4.2; 42.8% | Mothers: Puerto Rican 41.8%; W 33.5%, AA 13.4%, Other 11.2% |
| West 2019 128 | Adolescents in Project EAT | 2,179 Adolescents | Prospective Cohort | 52.80% | 14.9 (1.6) | W 63.42%; Asian 19.18%; AA 10.00%; H 3.95%; Other 2.75% |
| Whitaker 2006 129 | Mothers and preschool aged children | 2,870 Mother-child dyads | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | NR | Mothers AA 50.7%; H 23.4%; W 22.6%; Other 3.3% |
| Whitsett 2019 130 | Welfare, Children, and Families Study | 1,049 Children | Prospective Cohort | Children 54% | Caregiver: 38.03 (7.71) Children: 12.02 (1.39) | Caregiver AA 41%; H 53%; W 5% |
| Willis 2016 131 | Middle school students | 324 Children | Cross-sectional | Children 53.60% | Children: 11.4 (0.92) | Children: W 52.10%; H 20.70% |
| ZasLow 2009 132 | ECLS, Children Cohort | 8,944 Children | Prospective Cohort | Parents 100%; Children 48.9% | Mothers at child’s birth: 27.3 (13.1) Children: 24.4mos (2.5) |
Children W 43.1%; Other 20.9%; H 20.2%; AA 15.9%; |
| Zekeri 2019 133 | AA single mothers living with HIV/AIDS | 190 Mothers | Cross-sectional | Parents 100% | NR | AA 100% |
Table 2: Study characteristics for the 108 studies included in qualitative analysis, including information regarding FI.
a
Mean (SD) in years, unless otherwise indicated.
b
Mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviations: AA, African American; H, Hispanic; W, White; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; FI, Food Insecurity; NR, not reported; RCFIM, Radimer Cornell Food Insecurity Measure; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; W1, Wave 1; W2, Wave 2; W3, Wave 3; W4, Wave 4; HVS, Hunger Vital Sign; USDA, United States Department of Agriculture; HFSSM, Household Food Security Survey Module; PI, Pacific Islander; AI, American Indian; FS, Food Security; LFS, Low Food Security; VLFS, Very Low Food Security; NA, Native American; NESARC-III, National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III; CCHIP, Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project; FFCWS, Fragile Families and Child Welfare Study; K, Kindergarten; MFS, Marginal Food Security; NCS-A, National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement; ECLS, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association; EAT, Eating Among Teens and Young Adults; HIV/AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome