Table 1. General characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | Male | Female | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum Uric Acid Level | Serum Uric Acid Level | ||||||||||||||
| Total | normal (<7) | abnormal (≥7) | P-value | Total | normal (<6) | abnormal (≥6) | P-value | ||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
| Total (N = 27,013) | 11,924 | 100.0 | 9,482 | 79.5 | 2,442 | 20.5 | 15,089 | 100.0 | 13,953 | 92.5 | 1,136 | 7.5 | |||
| Smoking Behavior | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 2,881 | 24.2 | 2,286 | 79.3 | 595 | 20.7 | 13,382 | 88.7 | 12,412 | 92.8 | 970 | 7.2 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 5,057 | 42.4 | 4,069 | 80.5 | 988 | 19.5 | 938 | 6.2 | 862 | 91.9 | 76 | 8.1 | |||
| Single smoker | 3,629 | 30.4 | 2,884 | 79.5 | 745 | 20.5 | 697 | 4.6 | 615 | 88.2 | 82 | 11.8 | |||
| Dual smoker | 357 | 3.0 | 243 | 68.1 | 114 | 31.9 | 72 | 0.5 | 64 | 88.9 | 8 | 11.1 | |||
| Age | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| 19–29 | 1,636 | 13.7 | 1,169 | 71.5 | 467 | 28.5 | 1,757 | 11.6 | 1,634 | 93.0 | 123 | 7.0 | |||
| 30–39 | 1,858 | 15.6 | 1,327 | 71.4 | 531 | 28.6 | 2,297 | 15.2 | 2,158 | 93.9 | 139 | 6.1 | |||
| 40–49 | 2,146 | 18.0 | 1,653 | 77.0 | 493 | 23.0 | 2,852 | 18.9 | 2,726 | 95.6 | 126 | 4.4 | |||
| 50–59 | 2,204 | 18.5 | 1,857 | 84.3 | 347 | 15.7 | 2,999 | 19.9 | 2,805 | 93.5 | 194 | 6.5 | |||
| 60–69 | 2,126 | 17.8 | 1,833 | 86.2 | 293 | 13.8 | 2,743 | 18.2 | 2,540 | 92.6 | 203 | 7.4 | |||
| ≥70 | 1,954 | 16.4 | 1,643 | 84.1 | 311 | 15.9 | 2,441 | 16.2 | 2,090 | 85.6 | 351 | 14.4 | |||
| Marital status | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Married | 8,548 | 71.7 | 6,965 | 81.5 | 1,583 | 18.5 | 10,064 | 66.7 | 9,434 | 93.7 | 630 | 6.3 | |||
| Single, widow | 2,861 | 24.0 | 2,097 | 73.3 | 764 | 26.7 | 4,145 | 27.5 | 3,716 | 89.7 | 429 | 10.3 | |||
| Divorced, Separated | 515 | 4.3 | 420 | 81.6 | 95 | 18.4 | 880 | 5.8 | 803 | 91.3 | 77 | 8.8 | |||
| Educational level | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Middle school or below | 2,698 | 22.6 | 2,261 | 83.8 | 437 | 16.2 | 4,994 | 33.1 | 4,459 | 89.3 | 535 | 10.7 | |||
| High school | 4,209 | 35.3 | 3,338 | 79.3 | 871 | 20.7 | 4,730 | 31.3 | 4,416 | 93.4 | 314 | 6.6 | |||
| College or over | 5,017 | 42.1 | 3,883 | 77.4 | 1,134 | 22.6 | 5,365 | 35.6 | 5,078 | 94.7 | 287 | 5.3 | |||
| Household income | 0.0260 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Low | 1,916 | 16.1 | 1,563 | 81.6 | 353 | 18.4 | 2,922 | 19.4 | 2,583 | 88.4 | 339 | 11.6 | |||
| Mid-low | 2,850 | 23.9 | 2,260 | 79.3 | 590 | 20.7 | 3,707 | 24.6 | 3,409 | 92.0 | 298 | 8.0 | |||
| Mid-high | 3,375 | 28.3 | 2,699 | 80.0 | 676 | 20.0 | 4,108 | 27.2 | 3,865 | 94.1 | 243 | 5.9 | |||
| High | 3,783 | 31.7 | 2,960 | 78.2 | 823 | 21.8 | 4,352 | 28.8 | 4,096 | 94.1 | 256 | 5.9 | |||
| Region | 0.1921 | 0.0005 | |||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 5,196 | 43.6 | 4,125 | 79.4 | 1,071 | 20.6 | 6,756 | 44.8 | 6,293 | 93.1 | 463 | 6.9 | |||
| Urban | 4,421 | 37.1 | 3,492 | 79.0 | 929 | 21.0 | 5,599 | 37.1 | 5,177 | 92.5 | 422 | 7.5 | |||
| Rural | 2,307 | 19.3 | 1,865 | 80.8 | 442 | 19.2 | 2,734 | 18.1 | 2,483 | 90.8 | 251 | 9.2 | |||
| Occupational categories | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| White | 3,496 | 29.3 | 2,644 | 75.6 | 852 | 24.4 | 3,390 | 22.5 | 3,214 | 94.8 | 176 | 5.2 | |||
| Pink | 1,225 | 10.3 | 946 | 77.2 | 279 | 22.8 | 2,295 | 15.2 | 2,159 | 94.1 | 136 | 5.9 | |||
| Blue | 3,908 | 32.8 | 3,225 | 82.5 | 683 | 17.5 | 2,272 | 15.1 | 2,107 | 92.7 | 165 | 7.3 | |||
| Inoccupation | 3,295 | 27.6 | 2,667 | 80.9 | 628 | 19.1 | 7,132 | 47.3 | 6,473 | 90.8 | 659 | 9.2 | |||
| BMI | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Underweight | 284 | 2.4 | 259 | 91.2 | 25 | 8.8 | 718 | 4.8 | 710 | 98.9 | 8 | 1.1 | |||
| Normal | 6,639 | 55.7 | 5,602 | 84.4 | 1,037 | 15.6 | 9,827 | 65.1 | 9,325 | 94.9 | 502 | 5.1 | |||
| Overweight | 5,001 | 41.9 | 3,621 | 72.4 | 1,380 | 27.6 | 4,544 | 30.1 | 3,918 | 86.2 | 626 | 13.8 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | < .0001 | 0.0007 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 9,883 | 82.9 | 7,762 | 78.5 | 2,121 | 21.5 | 9,792 | 64.9 | 9,107 | 93.0 | 685 | 7.0 | |||
| No | 2,041 | 17.1 | 1,720 | 84.3 | 321 | 15.7 | 5,297 | 35.1 | 4,846 | 91.5 | 451 | 8.5 | |||
| Status of Hypertension | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Normal | 4,048 | 33.9 | 3,363 | 83.1 | 685 | 16.9 | 7,585 | 50.3 | 7,237 | 95.4 | 348 | 4.6 | |||
| Pre-Hypertension | 3,647 | 30.6 | 2,839 | 77.8 | 808 | 22.2 | 3,110 | 20.6 | 2,895 | 93.1 | 215 | 6.9 | |||
| Hypertension | 4,229 | 35.5 | 3,280 | 77.6 | 949 | 22.4 | 4,394 | 29.1 | 3,821 | 87.0 | 573 | 13.0 | |||
| Status of Diabetes | < .0001 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,238 | 10.4 | 1,051 | 84.9 | 187 | 15.1 | 1,000 | 6.6 | 850 | 85.0 | 150 | 15.0 | |||
| No | 10,686 | 89.6 | 8,431 | 78.9 | 2,255 | 21.1 | 14,089 | 93.4 | 13,103 | 93.0 | 986 | 7.0 | |||
| Status of Dyslipidemia | 0.3910 | < .0001 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 2,503 | 21.0 | 1,975 | 78.9 | 528 | 21.1 | 3,955 | 26.2 | 3,565 | 90.1 | 390 | 9.9 | |||
| No | 9,421 | 79.0 | 7,507 | 79.7 | 1,914 | 20.3 | 11,134 | 73.8 | 10,388 | 93.3 | 746 | 6.7 | |||
| Year | 0.0190 | 0.0004 | |||||||||||||
| 2016 | 2,332 | 19.6 | 1,894 | 81.2 | 438 | 18.8 | 3,064 | 20.3 | 2,851 | 93.0 | 213 | 7.0 | |||
| 2017 | 2,430 | 20.4 | 1,959 | 80.6 | 471 | 19.4 | 3,016 | 20.0 | 2,830 | 93.8 | 186 | 6.2 | |||
| 2018 | 2,428 | 20.4 | 1,916 | 78.9 | 512 | 21.1 | 3,126 | 20.7 | 2,872 | 91.9 | 254 | 8.1 | |||
| 2019 | 2,448 | 20.5 | 1,901 | 77.7 | 547 | 22.3 | 3,113 | 20.6 | 2,834 | 91.0 | 279 | 9.0 | |||
| 2020 | 2,286 | 19.2 | 1,812 | 79.3 | 474 | 20.7 | 2,770 | 18.4 | 2,566 | 92.6 | 204 | 7.4 | |||