. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J AAPOS. 2023 Feb 20;27(2):78.e1–78.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.01.009

Table 4.

Risk factors for the development of decreased visual acuity at initial and final exams or development of post-traumatic sequelae among 740 injuries in patients < 19 years of age in Olmsted County, MN from 2000–2009.

Risk factor	Visual acuity of 20/40 or worse, OR (CI)		Development of post-traumatic sequelae

	Initial exam	Final exam	OR (CI)
Male sex	1.23 (0.79–1.93)	0.65 (0.37–1.13)	3.36 (1.39–8.15)^a
Age ≥ 12 years	3.24 (2.08–5.05)*	1.04 (0.60–1.81)	2.93 (1.48–5.83)^a
Psychiatric comorbidity	1.35 (0.79–2.31)	1 (0.48–2.10)	0.77 (0.29–2.00)
Outdoor injury	1.28 (0.82–1.99)	0.8 (0.43–1.48)	3.02 (1.41–6.49)^a
Nonaccidental injury	1.32 (0.71–2.45)	1.34 (0.61–2.95)	2.16 (0.96–4.89)
Sport injury	2.71 (1.62–4.54)*	0.65 (0.25–1.68)	3.88 (1.91 −7.87)^a
Blunt force injury	0.91 (0.54–1.55)	1.71 (0.94–3.12)	0.54 (0.21–1.40)
Firearm/projectile injury	5.24 (2.15–12.79)*	1.32 (0.30–5.83)	22.44 (8.80–57.21)^a
Hyphema seen on exam	7.58 (4.44–12.92)*	0.53 (0.16–1.75)	37.62 (17.49–80.92)^a
Posterior segment involvement	1.56 (0.88–2.78)	0.39 (0.12–1.26)	8.62 (4.36–17.02)^a

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

P < 0.05.