Table 2.

GSH = glutathione, TBARS = Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, MPO = Myeloperoxidase, NOX2 = NADPH oxidase, 8-iso-PGF2α = urinary 8-isoprostane, HR = Heart Rate, BP = Blood Pressure, HRV = Heart Rate Variability, pNN06 = the percentage of adjacent NN intervals (pNN) that differ from one another in more than 6 ms, FASN = fatty acid synthase, RER = Respiratory Exchange Ratio, HODE = Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, COL1A1 = Collagen (type 1, Alpha 1), COL3A1 = Collagen (Type 3, Alpha 1), EF = Ejection Fraction, LVFS = Left Ventricle Fractional Shortening, VCF = Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, PWV = Pulse Wave Velocity, Alx75 = Augmentation Index corrected for heart rate, NO = Nitric Oxide, ADP = Adenosine diphosphate, GPIIb/IIIa = Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, wks = week1.

Condition	Biomarker	Change	Device Generation	Nicotine Concentration (mg/mL)	Flavor
Oxidative Stress	GSH	↑58	Unclear	12	Vanilla, Apple/Mint
		No Change58	Unclear	0	Tobacco
				18	Apple/Mint
	TBARS	↑58	Unclear	0, 12, 18	Tobacco, Vanilla
		No Change58	Unclear	6	Vanilla, Apple/Mint
		↓58	Unclear	12	Apple/Mint
	MPO	↑64	3rd	3	None
		No Change64	3rd	0	None
	NOX2	↑56	2nd	16	Tobacco
	H2O2	↑56	2nd	16	Tobacco
	8-iso- PGF2α	↑56	2nd	16	Tobacco
	Vitamin E	↓56	2nd	16	Tobacco
Sympathetic Effects	HR	↑56,60,64,69–71	1st70, 2nd56,71, 3rd60,69	064, 1.560, 364, 1656, 1871, 2469, Several70	None60,64, Tobacco56,69,71, Several70
		No Change60,61,70	1st70, 2nd61, 3rd60	060,61, 1261, Several70	None60, Several70, Unclear61
	Systolic BP	↑56,60,64,69,70	1st70, 2nd56, 3rd60,64,69	060,64, 1.560, 364, 1656, 2469, Several70	None60,64, Tobacco56,69, Several70
	Diastolic BP	↑56,64,70	1st70, 2nd56, 3rd64	064, 364, 1656, Several70	None64, Tobacco56, Several70
	HRV	↓72,74	1st72, 3rd74, 4th74	1872, Unclear74	Tobacco72, Menthol72, Unclear74
	Sympathetic Tone	↑73	1st, 2nd	12, Unclear	Tobacco, Strawberry
	pNN06	↓76	3rd	6	Vanilla-Custard
Adipose Tissue Effects	Body Weight	↓26,46	3rd	046, 2426	Tobacco
		No Change26,46,48	3rd	026, 1846, 3648	Tobacco26,46, Unclear48
	Glut2	↑46	3rd	0, 18	Tobacco
	Glut4	↑46	3rd	0	Tobacco
	FASN	↑46	3rd	0, 18	Tobacco
	Cytokines (Il10)	↑47	3rd	0	Tobacco
	RER	↓49	2nd	18	None
	serum ω−6 fatty acid levels	↓53	Several	Several	Several
	oxylipins 9-HODE & 13-HODE	↓53	Several	Several	Several
	LDL, HDL	No Change52,54	4th52, Unclear54	Several	Several
Myocardial Effects	End-Systolic Elastance	↓24	3rd	0, 20.2	None
	Preload-Recruitable Stroke work	↓24	3rd	20.2	None
	Perivascular Fibrosis	↑24	3rd	0	None
	COL1A1, COL3A1	↑(3 wks)24	3rd	20.2	None
		No Change (3 mo)24	3rd	20.2	None
	EF	↓(12 wks)26,27	3rd	24	Tobacco
		No Change (2 wks)23	Unclear	24	None
	LVFS	↓26,27	3rd	24	Tobacco
	VCF	↓26,27	3rd	24	Tobacco
Vascular Effects	Arterial Stiffness PWV	↑61,64	2nd61, 3rd64	061, 364, 1261	None64, Unclear61
	Alx75	↑61,64	2nd61, 3rd64	061, 364, 1261	None64, Unclear61
	Flow-Mediated Vasodilation	↑20	Unclear	16	Tobacco
	NO Bioavailability	↓20,56	2nd56, Unclear20	16	Tobacco
Thrombosis Effects	Duration in Occlusion Time	↓62	4th	18	Menthol
	ADP-induced platelet aggregation	↑62	4th	18	Menthol
	ADP	↑62	4th	18	Menthol
	P-Selectin	↑62	4th	18	Menthol
	GPIIb/IIIa	↑62	4th	18	Menthol