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. 2023 Mar 13;3(4):418–435. doi: 10.1038/s43587-023-00379-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Representative data for in vitro detection of epitope-specific CD8 T cells in the HLA-A2⁺ healthy donors before and after second doses (7 days and 50 days) of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with tetramers prepared using SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. Variant strain IDs are the same as listed in Fig. 2a. Cells were stimulated for 16 hours before tetramer staining. The flow cytometry gating strategy is shown in Extended Data Fig. 4a. b, Comparison of epitope-specific CD8 T cells between HLA-A2⁺ healthy young and old donors, 7 days (top row) and 50 days (bottom row) after second doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Specific CD8 T cells were stained with tetramers prepared using ancestral and mutant SARS-CoV-2 epitope individually after 16-hour stimulation. Paired ancestral and mutant epitopes are listed adjacently on the x axis. Data are shown as mean ± s.d. n = 5 for S 269–277 and S P272L; otherwise, n = 45 in all the other tests for both the young and old groups. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 and NS, not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05), two-sided t-test. c, Overall statistics and comparison of SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific CD8 T cells on the 7th and 50th days after the second dose in young and old recipients. d, Summary statistics of detection fold change of CD8 T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes between 7 days and 50 days after the second dose. Data shown are mean ± s.d., n = 45 for both the young and old groups.