Skip to main content
. 2023 May 3;9(5):e16015. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16015

Table 2.

Basic characteristics of countries stratified by how many waves of COVID-19 they have experienced. The ‘Count’ variable indicates the number of countries in the cohort; not all characteristics are available for all countries in the cohort. The time T0 is the date of the tenth cumulative death.


Countries with 1 wave
Countries with 2 waves
Countries with 3 or more waves
Count 57 84 51
Median IQR Median IQR Median IQR
Mortality (cumulative per 10,000) 2.81 8.72 3.65 9.52 5.46 11.40
Cumulative case rate (total confirmed per 10,000) 196.99 609.05 233.18 698.56 353.62 675.67
Peak case rate (peak new cases per day per 10,000) 2.52 6.43 2.02 5.07 2.87 6.51
Stringency response time (days from T0 to cancellation of public events) −53.5 255 −33.5 51.25 −20 27.75
Total stringency (integral under stringency index curve) 26,601 6867 30,062 8186 31,413 5,6498
Testing response time (days from T0 to 1 test per 1000 cumulative) 5 64.5 34 46.75 14 34.50
Population density (people per square km) 84.63 263.55 82.35 98.63 105.32 188.61
GNI per capita (PPP adj 2017 US$) 12,191 17.806 13,459 24,079 20,083 34,832