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. 2023 May 2;8:11. doi: 10.1038/s41539-023-00162-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Computations of pairwise total interdependence (TI) matrix for each pair of students for each session, at the frequency bands of theta, alpha, low-beta, and high-beta. The TI values were then normalized within each session and averaged across sessions to obtain an inter-brain coupling value for each pair of students. b Student-class coupling was obtained by averaging TI values over all possible pairwise combinations between one student and the rest of the class. c Student-top coupling was computed by averaging TI values over all possible pairwise combinations between one student and all the top students in the class, except for this student himself/herself if the student was one of the top students. Here, N is the number of students, K is the total number of sessions.