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. 2023 Jan 5;18(8):1657–1665. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.363819

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Mesenchymal stem cells regulate inflammation through multiple pathways.

MSCs can be activated by proinflammatory signals and regulate inflammation in two ways by secreting MSC-Exos: A) Acting directly on brain cells through paracrine signaling; B) Activated MSCs produce TSG-6, PGE2, TGFβ, GR, PR, and MSC-Exos with high expression of miR-125a, miR-26b-5p, miR-216a-5p, and miR-146a-5p to influence microglia subtype; Arg1: Arginase1; Exos: exosomes; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; IL: interleukin; miR: microRNA; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PR: progesterone receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TGF: transforming growth factor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TSG: tumor necrosis factor α stimulating gene.