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. 2022 Nov 9;18(8):1818–1826. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.360242

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Effects of exendin-4 and linagliptin on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the SN.

(A, B) mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the SN. (C, D) mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in the SN. (E, F) mRNA levels of iNOS, a marker of M1 microglia, and Arg1, a marker of M2 microglia, in the SN. Relative expression was normalized to the CON group. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, vs. CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.0001, vs. MPTP (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Arg1: Arginase 1; CON: control; EX-4: exendin-4; IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LINA: linagliptin; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; SN: substantia nigra; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; SN: substantia nigra.