TABLE 1.
Summary of organoid applications in multiple melanoma.
| Tumor models | Cell source | Co-culture components | Matrix | Research content | Author, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDO | Melanoma responding to combined TBK1i + anti-PD-1 | Matrigel | The innate immune kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) can block ICI responses as an immune evasion gene | Sun et al. (2023) | |
| Metastatic melanoma with BRAF gene mutation | DMEM | Tandem mutations in BRAF were found to reduce the affinity of Vemurafenib, while inhibition of Notch signaling had a stronger anti-tumor response | Porcelli et al. (2022) | ||
| Melanoma patient | Fibroblast and immune cells | Matrigel | Checkpoint inhibitors and epigenetic modifiers in melanoma results in enhanced anti-tumor function of gammadelta T cells | Ou et al. (2022) | |
| Melanoma patient | Matrigel\DMEM | A crosstalk between the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and cell cycle regulation | Bharti et al. (2022) | ||
| Melanoma patient | DMEM | Drug sensitivity testing by tumor organoid and found to be consistent with clinical patient response to treatment | Chen et al. (2022) | ||
| Melanoma patient | Collagen | Breaking peripheral tolerance without regard to antigen specificity by injecting nanoparticles of innate immune stimulants into mice or PDO models | Yin et al. (2021) | ||
| Melanoma patient | PBMCs OR lymph node tissue | Hydrogel | Three-dimensional hybrid immune-enhanced tumor/nodal organs can maintain the immune system and tumor cell viability | Votanopoulos et al. (2020) | |
| Primary and metastatic melanoma | Autologous lymphoid and myeloid cell populations | Matrigel | Feasibility of FKBP51s as a guide to select and monitor immune checkpoint-targeted therapy in melanoma patients | Troiani et al. (2020) | |
| Air-liquid interface PDO | Melanoma patient | Immune cells | Collagen | Co-culture of PDO with immune cells using the (ALI) method to reproduce the tumor microenvironment and immune activity | Neal et al. (2018) |
| Organoid-like spheroids | 92.1 Mel270 and Mel290 cell line | Collagen | Evaluated the effects of MEKi trametinib alone and in combination with drugs targeting epigenetic regulators | Gonçalves et al. (2019) |