. 2023 Mar 3;49(3):614–625. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac214

Table 2.

Primary and Secondary Outcome Results

Outcome	Contrast	Post therapy			6-month (post therapy) Follow-up
Outcome	Contrast	Estimated Mean Difference	P-value	95% CI	Estimated Mean Difference	P-value	95% CI
GAS T-score¹	Group vs One-to-One	0.737	.655	−2.500, 3.975	1.975	.319	−1.913, 5.863
	Independent vs TAU	0.695	.777	−4.104, 5.493	−1.353	.645	−7.112, 4.407
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	5.734	.003	1.898, 9·571	2.665	.262	−1.988, 7.319
Global cognition composite score²	Group vs One-to-One	0.192	.699	−0.785, 1.170	0.659	.333	−0.675, 1.992
	Independent vs TAU	1.348	.054	−0.026, 2.722	1.005	.257	−0.733, 2.744
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	1.479	.008	0.395, 2.564	0.507	.484	−0.912, 1.926
SOFAS score	Group vs One-to-One	2.395	.217	−1.405, 6.194	0.287	.894	−3.952, 4.526
	Independent vs TAU	0.400	.887	−5.100, 5.901	3.363	.274	−2.657, 9.384
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	2.397	.293	−2.073, 6.867	4.701	.066	−0.314, 9.716
Time Use (hours per week)	Group vs One-to-One	0.103	.188	−0.051, 0·257	0.014	.887	−0.179, 0.207
	Independent vs TAU	−0.090	.433	−0.315, 0.135	0.123	.387	−0.156, 0.403
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	−0.052	.581	−0.237, 0.133	−0.039	.735	−0.267, 0.189
CAINS score	Group vs One-to-One	0.218	.852	−2.072, 2.508	−0.855	.505	−3.368, 1.658
	Independent vs TAU	1.945	.287	−1.633, 5.523	−0.630	.732	−4.240, 2.981
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	−1.205	.389	−3.946, 1.536	−2.422	.102	−5.327, 0.483
RSE score	Group vs One-to-One	0.571	.440	−0.879, 2.021	−0.122	.875	−1.643, 1.398
	Independent vs TAU	0.415	.698	−1.680, 2.510	0.614	.568	−1.496, 2.725
	Group + One-to-One vs TAU	0.249	.774	−1.452, 1.949	0.766	.393	−0.992, 2.524

Note: Results in bold indicate treatment estimates that were statistically significant using a P < .05 threshold.

GAS, Goal Attainment Scale; SOFAS, Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale; CAINS, Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms; CANTAB, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; RSE, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale.

¹GAS T-score calculated using formula $50 + \frac{10 \sum^{} w_{i} x_{i}}{{[(1 - ρ) \sum^{} w_{i}^{2} + ρ (\sum^{} {(w_{i})}^{2}]}^{1 / 2}}$ with w_i = the weight assigned to the ith goal; a product of participants perceived goal importance (rated 1–3) and difficulty (1–3) x_i = the numerical rating achieved for the ith goal (between –2 and + 2) and ρ = 0.3 as recommended by the GAS guide. The score was calculated optimally for 3 goals but also for 1 or 2.

²The global cognition composite score includes CANTAB tests (Attention switching, Rapid visual information processing continuous performance, Simple and 5 choice reaction time, “One touch Stockings of Cambridge” Test of Planning, Spatial Working Memory) and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit span. Some components were reverse scored and/or transformed to be approximately normally distributed. Z-scores were calculated, and these were then trimmed, to 3 or −3 before summing to give a composite score.