Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

letter

. 2023 May 3;8:178. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01445-0

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — Serial associations between the gut microbiota, serum SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and food intakes in adenovirus-vectored or mRNA vaccinees. a Schematic diagram of sample collection and survey. b Changes in alpha (Shannon) and beta diversity, and ternary plots following the administration of two different vaccine platforms. Changes in fecal microbiota diversity based on the Shannon index following ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 vaccination. Beta diversity results assessed using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis distances at V1, V2, and V3 are shown for ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 groups. Genus-level microbiota changes at V1, V2, and V3 are presented as ternary plots for ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 groups. Each circle represents one genus, and the size of the circle reflects its relative abundance. c Baseline differences in the microbiome composition with respect to the immunogenicity of the vaccine platforms. Baseline differences in microbiota species richness (ACE) and inter-set distances with respect to the immunogenicity of the two different vaccine platforms. Comparison of high and low responders revealed a higher baseline ACE index. d Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis to identify taxonomic biomarkers. LEfSe was used to differentiate between high and low responders. The linear discrimination analysis scores revealed significant differences in microbiota composition according to vaccine immunogenicity in ChAdOx1- and BNT162b2-vaccinated groups. Only taxa with p < 0.05 are presented. e Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis to identify functional biomarkers between high and low responders. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs abundant in ChAdOx1- and BNT162b2-vaccinated groups are presented. Only orthologs with p < 0.05 are presented. f, g Taxonomy markers and significant items among 112 food items. Spearman rank analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between immunogenicity-related taxonomic biomarkers and 112 listed food items in f ChAdOx1 and g BNT162b2 recipients, respectively. The color gradients indicate the degree of correlation from red (positive correlation) to blue (negative correlation). *p < 0.05; **p = 0.01–0.001; ***p < 0.001