Fig. 2.

GPCR-regulated downstream signaling pathways in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. CAMK calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, BACE1 β-site APP cleaving protein 1, TAK1 transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase, TAB1 TAK1 binding protein, PP2A protein-phosphatase 2A, PLC phospholipase C, PDK1 phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, diacylglycerol (DAG), IP3 inositol triphosphate, Akt protein kinase B, APP amyloid protein precursor, Bax B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X, Blk B lymphoid tyrosine kinase, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Casp9 caspase 9, CREB cAMP response element binding protein, ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated-kinase, GSK3β glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Gβγ free heterotrimeric G protein beta/gamma subunits, IKBα inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha, IKKα/β inhibitor of kappa-B kinase, MEK mitogen-activated protein, NFT neurofibrillary tangles, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-B, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PKA protein kinase A, Raf1 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, Ras Ras Sarcoma oncoproteins, Rho Ras homologous proteins, ROCK Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases, SRF serum response factor