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. 2023 May 3:1–16. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1057/s41264-023-00229-5

Table 3.

Discriminant Validity (Fornell and Larcker 1981) and Multicollinearity

Total VIF Tolerance BI EE FC NISE PE FRT SI T
BI 0.975
EE 2.488 0.399 0.471 0.866
FC 2.306 0.413 0.504 0.665 0.770
NISE 1.143 0.862  − 0.059  − 0.056 0.045 0.851
PE 2.127 0.466 0.560 0.678 0.559  − 0.011 0.861
FRT 1.150 0.868 0.278 0.245 0.320 0.156 0.239 0.814
SI 1.580 0.649 0.513 0.517 0.512 0.125 0.512 0.217 0.801
T 1.780 0.536 0.291 0.507 0.588 0.208 0.513 0.212 0.374 0.907

Italic values reflect square root of AVE, for discriminant validity = square root of AVE > inter-construct correlations