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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 22.
Published in final edited form as: Subst Use Misuse. 2023 Feb 22;58(5):591–600. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177110

Table 2.

Associations between symptoms of anxiety and depression and past 30-day e-cigarette use, entire sample, stratified by ethnicity

Outcome: Past 30-day e-cigarette use with nicotine at 12-month follow-up
Entire sample Hispanic White Black Other a
AORb (95% CI) AORb (95% CI) AORb (95% CI) AORb (95% CI) AORb (95% CI)
Total n n=2,307 n=875 n=710 n=344 n=378
Comorbidityc 1.58* (1.06, 2.37) 1.15 (0.57, 2.31) 1.59 (0.84, 3.01) 0.80 (0.79, 8.11) 4.30** (1.58, 11.68)
Depressiond 1.45* (1.02, 2.08) 1.10 (0.60, 2.01) 1.47 (0.83, 2.62) 1.49 (0.24, 9.24) 3.52** (1.42, 8.69)
Anxietye 1.65** (1.14, 2.39) 1.38 (0.73, 2.62) 1.56 (0.88, 2.75) 1.82 (0.30, 11.03) 3.27* (1.25, 8.52)
Outcome: Past 30-day e-cigarette use with THC at 12-month follow-up
Entire sample Hispanic White Black Other a
AORf (95% CI) AORf (95% CI) AORf (95% CI) AORf (95% CI) AORf (95% CI)
Total n n=2,307 n=875 n=710 n=344 n=378
Comorbidityc 1.51* (1.03, 2.20) 1.03 (0.56, 1.88) 3.24** (1.53, 6.85) 1.00 (0.34, 2.91) 2.02 (0.76, 5.31)
Depressiond 1.58** (1.14, 2.20) 1.42 (0.86, 2.33) 2.52** (1.27, 4.99) 0.66 (0.24, 1.78) 2.55* (1.13, 5.75)
Anxietye 1.21 (0.84, 1.73) 0.83 (0.46, 1.49) 2.05* (1.04, 4.04) 1.08 (0.41, 2.81) 1.55 (0.62, 3.87)
a

“Other” is heterogeneous; it includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (NHOPI), among other racial identities.

b

Adjusted for grade level, gender, SES, and Wave 9 (baseline) past 30-day use of e-cigarettes with nicotine, marijuana in any form, alcohol, and combustible tobacco. Entire sample additionally includes adjustment for race/ethnicity.

c

Comorbidity is symptoms of depression and anxiety present at Wave 9 (baseline).

d

Symptoms of depression measured at Wave 9 (baseline) using the PHQ-9, with scores ≥10 indicating a positive screen for depression symptoms.

e

Symptoms of anxiety measured at Wave 9 (baseline) using the GAD-7, with scores ≥10 indicating a positive screen for anxiety symptoms.

f

Adjusted for grade level, gender, SES, and Wave 9 (baseline) past 30-day use of e-cigarettes with THC, marijuana in any other form, alcohol, and combustible tobacco. Entire sample additionally includes adjustment for race/ethnicity.

g

Adjusted for grade level, gender, SES, and Wave 9 (baseline) past 30-day use of e-cigarette with nicotine, e-cigarettes with THC, marijuana in any other form, alcohol, and combustible tobacco. Entire sample additional includes adjustment for race/ethnicity.

Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

Referent group is no symptoms of anxiety or depression.

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PNP, perfect association with no past 30-day e-cigarette use.