Table 2.
Patient-reported outcome measures administered to assess the Empower Veterans Program (EVP)
| Scale | Construct | Description | Items | Scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | ||||
| Pain, Enjoyment, and General Activity (PEG) [33] | Pain Intensity | Pain intensity and interference with life enjoyment and general activity in the past week | 3 |
0 – no pain at all, 10 – worst possible pain |
| PROMIS-29 – Pain Interference subscale [34] | Pain Interference | The impact of pain on daily functioning. | 4 | 1 – not at all, 5 – very much |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) [35] | Pain Catastrophizing | Maladaptive and exaggerated beliefs “toward actual or anticipated” pain experiences” (p. 602). | 13 |
0 – not at all, 4 – all the time |
| Physical | ||||
| PROMIS-29 – Fatigue subscale [34] | Fatigue | Physical fatigue. | 4 |
1 – not at all, 5 – very much |
| PROMIS-29 – Physical Functioning subscale [34] | Physical Functioning | Perceived physical capability to engage in daily activities (e.g., self-care, endurance). | 4 |
1 – unable to do, 5 – without any difficulty |
| Psychological | ||||
| PROMIS-29 – Anxiety subscale [34] | Anxiety | Anxiety symptom severity. | 4 |
1 – not at all, 5 – very much |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [36] | Depression | Depression symptom severity. | 9 |
0 – not at all, 3 – nearly every day |
| PROMIS-29 – Sleep subscale [34] | Sleep Disturbance | Difficulty falling and staying asleep. | 4 |
1 – not at all, 5 – very much |
| Social | ||||
| PROMIS-29 – Social subscale [34] | Social Health | Social roles (e.g., family, occupational) and activities (e.g., leisure) | 4 |
1 – always, 5 – never |
| HRQoL | ||||
| World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQoL-BREF) [37] | Physical HRQoL | Mobility, daily activities, functional capacity, energy, pain, and sleep. | 26 | 1–5+ |
| Psychological HRQoL | Self-image, negative thoughts, positive attitudes, self-esteem, mentality, learning ability, memory, concentration, religion, and mental status. | |||
| Social HRQoL | Personal relationships, social support, and sex life. | |||
| Environmental HRQoL | Financial resources, safety, health and social services, physical living environment, opportunities to acquire new knowledge and skills, recreation, general environment, and transportation. | |||
| Acceptance | ||||
| Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) [38] | Activity Engagement | Engagement in life activities despite experiencing pain. | 20 |
0 – never true, 4 – always true |
| Pain Willingness* | Willingness to experiences pain without attempts to control it. | |||
| Mindfulness | ||||
| Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) [39] | Acting | Acting with awareness in the moment. | 39 |
0 – never or rarely true, 4 – very often or always true |
| Describing* | Describing how we label experiences to ourselves and others. | |||
| Non-Judgement* | Non-Judgement despite self-criticism. | |||
| Non-Reactivity | Non-Reactivity of negative thoughts and emotions while accepting their presence. | |||
| Observation | Observation of our sensory experiences to focus our attention on meaningful stimuli. | |||
| Program Satisfaction | ||||
| Pain Outcomes Questionnaire – Veterans Affairs (POQ-VA) [40] | EVP Satisfaction | Satisfaction with the EVP administered at week 10 (post-EVP). | 5 | 0–10+ |
| Covariates | ||||
| POQ-VA [40] | Demographics | Age | 5 | Continuous |
| Gender | Male v. Female | |||
| Race | White v. Non-White | |||
| Service-Connected Disability | Yes, No | |||
| Religion | Nominal | |||
*Reverse-scored for interpretive consistency
+Item-level response options vary by domain
PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System
HRQoL = Health-Related Quality of Life