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. 2023 May 3:1–20. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s12035-023-03365-0

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Fig. 3 — Exosomes are vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer membrane that contain many kinds of proteins, such as membrane transporters, and heat shock proteins. In addition, it also contains a lot of ncRNA, including miRNA and lncRNA with surface protein markers. a Current exosome isolation techniques; b Schematic representation of exosome structure, c: Effective factors, conventional drugs, genes, and other natural compounds loaded into exosome for GBM therapy. GBM: glioblastoma multiform, lncRNA: long non-coding RNA, ncRNA: non-coding RNA, miRNA: microRNA