Table 3.

Different genes loaded into exosomes for GBM therapy

Source of exosomes	Loading method	Gene cargo (miRNAs, siRNAs, suicide genes)	Outcome	References
T cells	Incubation (with exosomes)	miR-150	Allergic cutaneous contact sensitivity inhibition	[120]
Human monocyte-derived macrophages	Incubation (with exosomes)	miR-159	Triple-negative breast cancer therapy	[98]
Dendritic cells	Electroporation	BACE1 siRNA	Specific gene knockdown after specific siRNA delivery to the brain for Alzheimer’s disease	[121]
Epithelial prostate cells	Transfection	miR-143	Prostate cancer therapy	[122]
Marrow stromal cells	Transfection	miR-150	Glioma therapy	[123]
MSCs	Transfection	anti-miR-9	Increase chemo resistance of GBM	[124]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	let-7a	Breast cancer therapy	[125]
Endothelial cells	Transfection	siRNA	N/A	[126]
Hepatic stellate cells	Transfection	miR-214	Epigenetic regulation of connective tissue growth factor	[127]
MSCs	Transfection	miR-122	Increase chemo-sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma	[128]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	siRNA	Chronic myeloid leukemia therapy	[129]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	mRNA	Parkinson’s disease therapy	[130]
Endothelial cells	Transfection	anti-miR-33a-5p	Atherosclerosis therapy	[131]
MSCs	Transfection	miR-125b	Hepatocellular carcinoma therapy	[132]
MSCs	Transfection	miR-181a	Myocardium ischemia/reperfusion injury therapy	[133]
MSCs	Transfection	miR-125b	Myocardium ischemia/reperfusion injury therapy	[134]
MSCs	Transfection	miR-126	Spinal cord injury therapy	[135]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9	Gene editing	[136]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	miR-497	Lung cancer therapy	[137]
Breast cancer cells	Transfection	miR-126	Lung cancer therapy	[138]
HEK293 cells	Transfection	siRNA	Colorectal cancer xenograft inhibition	[139]
Blood plasma, lung cancer cells, Hela cells	Transfection	siRNA	Gene silencing of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	[140]
Hela cells and human fibrosarcoma cells	Transfection	siRNA	Cancer therapy	[141]
Dendritic cells	Electroporation	siRNA	Alzheimer’s disease therapy	[121]
Dendritic cells	Electroporation	shRNA	Parkinson’s disease therapy	[142]
Alveolar basal epithelial and 3 T3 cells	Electroporation	siRNA	Lung cancer therapy	[143]
Colon cancer cells	Electroporation	miR-21i	Colon cancer therapy	[144]
MSCs	Electroporation	anti-miR-142-3p	Breast cancer therapy	[145]
Human renal epithelial cells	Electroporation	anti-miR-21	Glioblastoma therapy	[146]
Blood plasma, lung cancer cells, Hela cells Gene	Electroporation	siRNA	Silencing of mitogen-activated	[140]
Hela cells and human fibrosarcoma cells	Electroporation	siRNA	Cancer therapy	[141]
MSCs	Electroporation	mRNA	Glioma therapy	[147]
HEK293T	Transfection	BCR-ABL siRNA	overcome pharmacological resistance in CML cells	[129]
Mouse fibroblasts Suppression of tumor growth in pancreatic	Electroporation	KRASG12D siRNA	Suppression of tumor growth in pancreatic cancer	[148]
Plasma (human)	Electroporation	MAPK siRNA	The MAPK-1 was down-regulated in monocytes and lymphocytes	[140]
Primary immature Dendritic cells Specific gene knockdown after specific siRNA	Electroporation	GAPDH siRNA	Specific gene knockdown after specific siRNA delivery to the brain for Alzheimer’s disease	[121]
Dendritic cell	Electroporation	VEGF siRNA	Suppression of tumor growth in breast cancer	[149]
HEK293	Transfection	Let-7a mimic	therapeutically to target EGFR-expressing cancerous tissues with nucleic acid drugs for breast cancer.	[125]
Glioblastoma cells	Transfection	miRNA	Providing diagnostic information	[150]