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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE EMBS Int Conf Biomed Health Inform. 2022 Nov 4;2022:10.1109/bhi56158.2022.9926787. doi: 10.1109/bhi56158.2022.9926787

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Overview of the work. For patients with opioid use disorder, opioid withdrawal manifests physiologically via the autonomic nervous system. Manifestations include changes in the pupillary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and/or gastrointestinal system. Prior work investigated the cardiac effects of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation–believed to reduce fight or flight and increase rest and digest–in the context of opioid withdrawal. This study investigates the respiratory effects.