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. 2023 Mar 3;37(7):1065–1075. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003523

Table 2.

Association of latent tuberculosis status with biomarkers by HIV serostatus and LTBI status.

I-FABP exponentiated β (95% CI) sCD14 exponentiated β (95% CI) TNF-α exponentiated β (95% CI) IFN-γ exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-2 exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-6 exponentiated β (95% CI)
Stratified by HIV and LTBI status
Unadjusted
 HC Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 LTBI 0.99 (0.88, 1.19) 0.96 (077, 1.18) 1.16 (0.89, 1.52) 1.39 (0.78, 2.49) 1.09 (1.00, 1.89) 1.33 (0.84, 2.12)
 HIV 1.61 (1.34, 1.92) 1.97 (1.58, 2.44) 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) 1.06 (0.59, 1.91) 2.14 (1.07, 2.02) 1.35 (0.86, 2.12)
 HIV+LTBI+ 1.47 (1.22, 1.22) 1.93 (1.55, 2.41) 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) 1.57 (0.88, 2.80) 1.90 (1.25, 2.33) 1.65 (1.03, 2.61)
a Fully adjusted
 HC Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 LTBI 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) 1.19 (0.90, 1.59) 1.16 (0.75, 1.80) 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) 1.35 (0.80, 2.26)
 HIV 1.55 (1.29, 1.83) 1.81 (1.45, 2.28) 1.12 (0.84, 1.48) 1.08 (0.70, 1.66) 1.32 (0.93, 1.88) 1.52 (0.91, 2.53)
 HIV+LTBI+ 1.37 (1.19, 1.73) 1.82 (1.45, 2.29) 1.48 (1.11, 1.97) 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) 1.40 (0.98, 2.02) 1.97 (1.17, 3.33)
IL-12p70 exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-15 exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-17A exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-4 exponentiated β (95%CI) IL-5 exponentiated β (95% CI) IL-13 exponentiated β (95% CI)
Stratified by HIV and LTBI status
Unadjusted
 HC Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 LTBI 1.27 (0.61, 2.64) 1.08 (0.88, 1.35) 1.35 (1.04, 1.76) 1.04 (0.63, 1.72) 1.09 (0.70, 1.68) 1.36 (0.88, 2.12)
 HIV 0.68 (0.33, 1.40) 1.49 (1.22, 1.82) 1.19 (0.92, 1.55) 1.03 (0.63, 1.68) 2.14 (1.39, 3.29) 0.77 (0.49, 1.19)
 HIV+LTBI+ 2.18 (1.05, 4.48) 1.59 (1.27, 1.92) 1.42 (1.09, 1.84) 2.10 (1.29, 3.50) 1.90 (1.23, 2.94) 1.60 (1.04, 2.45)
a Fully adjusted
 HC Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 LTBI 1.23 (0.55, 2.71) 1.03 (0.82, 1.32) 1.51 (1.12, 2.03) 0.93 (0.54, 1.24) 1.02 (0.62, 1.67) 1.49 (0.90, 1.59)
 HIV 0.82 (0.37, 1.80) 1.48 (1.16, 1.87) 1.31 (0.97, 1.75) 1.08 (0.63, 1.83) 1.95 (1.20, 3.18) 0.93 (0.84, 1.48)
 HIV+LTBI+ 2.57 (1.15, 5.70) 1.63 (1.28, 2.08) 1.48 (1.08, 1.95) 2.23 (1.29, 1.73) 2.22 (1.16, 3.12) 1.48 (1.11, 1.97)

HIV+LTBI+; HIV+LTBI+, HIV; HIV+LTBI−, LTBI; HIV−LTBI+, and HC; HIV−LTBI−.

I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein; IFN-γ; interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; sCD14, cluster of differentiation 14; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

a

Fully adjusted for age, sex, HDL, body mass index, hypertension, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol use, and education status.

Results are presented as exponentiated β coefficients and 95% CI. Interpret the coefficient as fold increase in mean level of the biomarkers of interest comparing the groups with HC for example 1.63 will be interpreted as HIV+LTBI+ have 63% higher mean IL-15 level in comparison to HC.

Sensitivity analysis restricted to integrase inhibitor users showed similar trend in the association between biomarkers and HIV/LTBI status.